Study Guide for Latin 1 National Latin Exam

Nouns: 1st 2nd Mas 2nd N 3rd M/F 3rdN Nom (subj) a us/r um --- --- Gen (Poss ae ī ī is is Dat (I.Ob) ae ō ō ī ī Acc (D.Ob) am um um em ---- Abl (O/prep) ā ō ō e e

PLURAL FORMS 1st 2nd Mas 2nd N 3rd M/F 3rdN Nom (subj) ae i a es a Gen (Poss arum orum orum um um Dat (I.Ob) is is is ībus ibus Acc (D.Ob) as os a es a Abl (O/prep) is is is ibus ibus

1 Nominative: subject and predicate nominative

2 Genitive: possession (of, ‘s, s’)

3 Dative: indirect object (to/for) with verbs of giving, saying, showing, telling, entrusting

4 Accusative: direct object and object of the following prepositions: ad –to, toward, near ante –before, in front of circum -around In –into, onto per -through post –after, behind contra -against inter-between, among prope –near trans –across

5 Ablative: ablative of means (no Latin preposition= by means of, with, by) object of the following prepositions (SID SPACE) Sub -under Sine –without In –in, on Prō- on behalf of, for Dē- about, down from Ab/ā – away, from Cum- with Ex/ē –out of, out from

6 Vocative: direct address –used in questions and commands; often punctuated with “ ”, ! or ?

Pronouns:

-personal: ego, tū, nōs, vōs (nominative, dative, accusative and ablative) I/me you we/us you Nom ego tū nōs vōs Gen meī tuī nōstrum vestrum Dat mihi tibi nōbīs vōbīs Acc mē tē nōs vōs Abl mē tē nōbīs vōbīs

-interrogative: quis, quid, quī (nominative and accusative only) (uses ? mark) Who? Who? What? Nom S quis quis quid Acc S quem quem quid Who (pl)? Who (pl)? What (pl)? Nom pl quī quae quae Acc pl quōs quās quae

Adjectives: Declensions 1st and 2nd (masculine, feminine and neuter) see noun chart above -noun and adjective agreement = number, gender and case - interrogative: quot =how many

Numbers: Cardinal numbers 1-10; 100 –centum and 1000- mille unus, duo, tres/tria, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem 100 –centum and 1000- mille Roman numerals 1-100: I (1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000)

Adverbs: positive forms made from from first and second declension adjectives (usually ly in English) -formation: pulcher, pulchrA, pulchrum=beautiful: remove the ‘A’ from feminine, replace with ē = pulchrē = beautifully -interrogatives: cur, (why?) ubi (where?) quomodo (how?) -irregulars: bene (well), male (badly)

Conjunctions: aut, (or) et (and) quod (because) sed (but) ubi (when) neque, (and not/neither/nor) et...et, (both… and) neque...neque (neither…nor)

Enclitic: -ne (indicates a question –do not use with question word like how, when, who, etc) -que (attach on the second of the 2 words/phrases; translate before the second of the 2 words e.g. peanut butter and jelly = peanut butter jellyQUE

Verbs: Translations of 4 tenses: Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect: Present: I verb I do verb I am verbing Imperfect: I was verbing I used to verb I kept verbing Future: I shall/will verb Perfect: I have verbed I verbed I did verb

Conjugations 1st – 4th -are: -ēre: -ere: -ire Subj. Present Imperfect Fut 1st/2nd Fut 3rd/4th Perfect I -ō -bam -bō -am -ī You -s -bās -bis -ēs -istī He, she, it -t -bat -bit -et -it We -mus -bāmus -bimus -ēmus -imus You plural -tis -bātis -bitis -ētis -istis They -nt -bant -bunt -ent -ērunt

-present active imperative singular and plural = verb! 1st 2nd 3rd 4th ā āte ē ēte ĕ ĭte ī īte

-present active infinitive = to verb 1st 2nd 3rd 4th -āre -ēre ere -īre

noli, nolite + infinitive = don’t verb! -negative imperative noli, nolite + infinitive = don’t verb! e.g. nōlī amāre = don’t love! Nolite amare = ya’ll don’t love!

-irregular verb sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (to be): (4 tenses) present, imperfect, future, perfect Present Imperfect Future Perfect sum eram erō fuī es erās eris fuistī est erat erit fuit sumus erāmus erimus fuimus estis erātis eritis fuistis sunt erant erunt fuērunt

II. CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION

-Geography: Roman world, e.g., Roma, Italia, Graecia, Britannia, Hispania, Mare Nostrum, Tiber River Important Italian locations, e.g., Ostia, Pompeii, Mt. Vesuvius, Brundisium, Apennine Mts Provinces and major cities, e.g., Africa, Athens, Gallia, Carthage, Asia Minor, Troy

-Mythology: Olympians (Greek/Roman names) symbols, duties; founding of Rome, Romulus and Remus Olympians and associated myths, e.g., Daphne and Apollo, Arachne and Minerva; Major heroes and monsters, e.g., Hercules, Aeneas, Medusa, Cyclops Trojan war, e.g., Achilles, Hector, Ulysses, Helen

-Roman life: city of Rome, e.g., Forum, Circus Maximus, Colosseum; Palatine Hill, Via Appia, Curia

-Daily Life villa, -clothing, Roman household, -meals, E.g. atrium, triclinium, insulae -clothing, e.g., toga, tunica, stola; Roman household, e.g., pater, mater, servus, filius, filia -meals, e.g., ientaculum, prandium, cena, culina -architectural structures and their functions: e.g., aqueduct, thermae, circus, amphitheater, curia, basilica

History:

-Basic historical divisions: Monarchy- 753BC-509 BC – kings are highest ruling officials Republic – 509 BC-27BC – consuls are highest officials Empire – 27 BC -476 – emperors are highest ruling officials

-Kings of Rome: Romulus, 2. Numa Pompilius, 3. Tullus Hostilius, 4. Ancus Martius, 5. Tarquinius Priscus, 6. Servius Tullius, 7. Tarquinius Superbus -Early Roman heroes-Horatius, Cincinnatus, Mucius Scaevola

III. LATIN IN USE -Basic spoken phrases: e.g., Salve, salvete hello Quid agis? How are you? / What are you doing? Quid est nomen tibi? What’s your name? Vale, valete goodbye Ita vero, Yes! Minime, no! Quid est? What is it? Quis est? Who is it? Gratias tibi ago, Thank you Sol lucet, The sun is shining Quota hora est? What time is it? Adsum, I am present Quid novi? What’s new?

English words based on Latin roots, prefixes and suffixes -Derivatives: English words based on Latin roots, prefixes and suffixes e.g., agriculture, aquarium, portable, lunar, octet ; sedentary, sorority, puerile, quadruped