Sociology: A Unique Way to View the World Chapter 1 Sociology: A Unique Way to View the World © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

Why is the social world important? Humans are fundamentally social beings The social world is not just outside us; we also carry it within us We take social patterns for granted as routine, ordinary, and expected Without socially shared expectations, life would be chaotic Individuals and the social world mutually influence one another © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

What is sociology? Sociology: the scientific study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior Sociologists ask questions such as: Why and how do people and groups interact with one another? How are different groups or societies organized? How do they deal with conflict and change? How do changes in one society affect other societies? © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

What is sociology? Sociologists study groups of all sizes Dyads (e.g., a romantic couple) Small groups (e.g., a family) Large groups (e.g., the auto industry) Nations (e.g., the U.S.) The global society (the world as an interdependent entity) © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

What is sociology? Underlying assumptions of sociology People are social by nature People live most of their lives in groups Interactions between people and groups are reciprocal: each influences the other Groups feature recurrent social patterns, ordered behavior, shared expectations, and common understandings Conflict and change are inevitable © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

What is sociology? Sociology vs. Common Sense Common sense ideas seem sensible to any reasonable person; they are taken for granted and rarely questioned Sociology uses scientific methods to test ideas, including common sense assumptions Scientific methods involve analyzing evidence in a way that is planned, objective, systematic, and repeatable Many common sense ideas are challenged by scientific evidence © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

What is sociology? The sociological imagination Defined by C. Wright Mills as understanding individual problems to be rooted in broader social or public issues For example … How do social factors influence layoff rates and personal experiences of unemployment? How have social factors shaped the causes and rates of divorce? © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

What is sociology? Questions sociologists do and don’t ask Sociologists don’t ask questions that require philosophical or moral judgments Sociologists do ask questions that can be studied objectively and scientifically e.g., sociologists may study a group’s religious beliefs, but they do not make judgments about whether the beliefs are right or wrong Applied sociologists conduct research to create change, for instance through social policy or by helping organizations solve problems © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

What is sociology? Comparing the social sciences All study aspects of human behavior and social life, but each has a different focus: Cultural anthropology: the culture or way of life of a society Psychology: individual behavior and mental processes Political Science: government systems and power Economics: economic conditions and how people organize, produce, and distribute goods Sociology: human interaction, groups, and social structure © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

What Do Sociologists Do—and Why? Essential ingredients in sociological study: Ability to observe what is happening in the social world Desire to understand and explain why it is happening © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

What Do Sociologists Do—and Why? Some practical rewards of sociological study: Self-awareness and self-improvement Better understanding of social situations Objective, systematic understanding of problems Understanding of diverse cultural perspectives Ability to assess the impact of social policies Appreciation of the complexities of social life Useful skills © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

What Do Sociologists Do—and Why? What sociologists do Work in colleges and universities Teach, conduct research Work in social service organizations Address interpersonal relations or deviant behavior Work in business Address organizational needs or human resources Work in government Provide data for policy and planning © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

What Do Sociologists Do—and Why? Useful skills honed in sociological training Communication & interpersonal Analysis and research Computer/technical Flexibility Leadership Sensitivity to diversity Organizing and planning Conceptual, problem-solving Personal values © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

The Social World Model Levels of analysis: size of the social groups being considered, from the smallest to the largest Understanding sociology requires understanding multiple levels of analysis The social world model allows us to picture levels of analysis in our social environment as an interconnected series of small groups, organizations, institutions, and societies Important question: How do the levels connect or conflict with one another? © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

The Social World Model © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

The Social World Model Social Structures Social units: interconnected parts of the social world Social structure: a particular combination of social units that orders our lives Social institutions: provide the rules, roles, and relationships to meet human needs and guide human behavior National society: a population of people living in a specified area with a common political authority, many common ideas, and a social structure and institutions © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

The Social World Model Social Processes Social processes: actions taken by people in social units. For example, Process of socialization: how we learn to be productive members of society Process of stratification: process of layering people on the basis of birth, income, or other factors Process of change: every social unit is continually changing, and change in each unit affects others © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

The Social World Model The Environment The environment: the setting that surrounds and influences each social unit e.g., physical, organizational, or technological setting Each unit has its own distinctive environment, to which it must adjust To understand a social unit, we must consider not only the structure and processes within the unit, but also its interaction with the surrounding environment © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

The Social World Model Studying the Social World: Levels of Analysis The social world can be studied at many levels: Micro-level (individuals and small groups) Importance: micro interactions form the basis of all social organizations Meso-level (intermediate size units) Importance: helps explain relations among institutions, organizations, and large groups Macro-level (nations, global & international trends) Importance: helps explain how larger social forces shape everyday life Each level adds depth to a topic © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

The Social World Model Levels of Analysis © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

The Social World Model Which level of analysis would you use to examine each of the following questions? How do couples divide housework responsibilities? Which factors determine the percentage of women in political power in a certain country? Does the size of a school’s sports stadium matter for students who are choosing a college? © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.

The Social World Model Answer: All three questions could be studied from any of the levels, or from a combination of levels © Pine Forge Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011.