17-1 Forecasting sales Projecting the assets and internally generated funds Projecting outside funds needed Deciding how to raise funds

17-2 Cash & sec.$ 20Accts. pay. & accruals$ 100 Accounts rec. 240Notes payable 100 Inventories 240Total CL$ 200 Total CA$ 500L-T debt100 Common stock500 Net fixedRetained assets 500 earnings 200 Total assets$1,000Total claims$1,000

17-3 Sales$2, Less:Var. costs (60%)1, Fixed costs EBIT$ Interest EBT$ Taxes (40%) Net income$ Dividends (30%)$15.12 Add’n to RE$35.28

17-4 NWC Industry Condition BEP10.00%20.00%Poor Profit margin2.52%4.00% ” ROE7.20%15.60% ” DSO43.80 days32.00 days ” Inv. turnover8.33x11.00x ” F. A. turnover4.00x5.00x ” T. A. turnover2.00x2.50x ” Debt/assets30.00%36.00%Good TIE6.25x9.40xPoor Current ratio2.50x3.00x ” Payout ratio30.00%30.00%O. K.

17-5  Operating at full capacity in  Each type of asset grows proportionally with sales.  Payables and accruals (Spontaneous Liabilities) grow proportionally with sales.  2002 profit margin (2.52%) and payout (30%) will be maintained.  Sales are expected to increase by $500 million. (%  S = 25%)

17-6  The payout ratio will remain at 30 percent (d = 30%; RR = 70%).  No new common stock will be issued.  Any external funds needed will be raised as debt, 50% notes payable and 50% L-T debt.

17-7 Sales$2, $2,500 Less:VC 1, *2003 Sales1,500 FC *2003 Sales 875 EBIT$ 100$ 125 Interest EBT$ 84$ 109 Taxes (40%) Net income$ 50$ 65 Div. (30%)$15$19 Add’n to RE$35$46 Forecast Basis 2003 Forecast2002

st Pass 2002 Forecast Basis Cash $ *2003 Sales $ 25 Accts. rec *2003 Sales 300 Inventories *2003 Sales 300 Total CA$ 500$ 625 Net FA *2003 Sales 625 Total assets$1,000$1,250

st Pass 2002 Forecast Basis AP/accruals$ *2003 Sales $ 125 Notes payable Total CL$ 200$ 225 L-T debt Common stk Ret.earnings * 246 Total claims$1,000$1,071 * From income statement.

17-10 Required increase in assets= $ 250 Less: Spontaneous inc in liab.= $ 25 Less: Increase in RE= $ 46  Total AFN= $ 179 Company must have the assets to generate forecasted sales. The balance sheet must balance, so we must raise $179 million externally.

17-11  Additional N/P ◦ 0.5 ($179) = $89.50  Additional L-T debt ◦ 0.5 ($179) = $89.50  But this financing will add to interest expense, which will lower NI and retained earnings. We will generally ignore financing feedbacks.

nd Pass st Pass AFN Cash$ 25-$ 25 Accts. rec Inventories Total CA$ 625$ 625 Net FA Total assets$1,250$1,250

nd Pass st Pass AFN AP/accruals$ 125-$ 125 Notes payable Total CL$ 225$ 315 L-T debt Common stk Ret.earnings Total claims$1,071$1,250 * From income statement.

17-14 AFN= (A*/S 0 )ΔS – (L*/S 0 ) ΔS – M(S 1 )(RR) = ($1,000/$2,000)($500) – ($100/$2,000)($500) – ($2,500)(0.7) = $180.9 million.

17-15  Equation method assumes a constant profit margin, a constant dividend payout, and a constant capital structure.  Financial statement method is more flexible. More important, it allows different items to grow at different rates.

(E)Industry BEP10.00%10.00%20.00%Poor Profit margin2.52%2.62%4.00%” ROE7.20%8.77%15.60% ” DSO (days) ” Inv. turnover8.33x8.33x11.00x ” F. A. turnover4.00x4.00x5.00x ” T. A. turnover2.00x2.00x2.50x ” D/A ratio30.00%40.34%36.00% ” TIE6.25x7.81x9.40x ” Current ratio2.50x1.99x3.00x ” Payout ratio30.00%30.00%30.00%O. K.

17-17  OC 2003 = NOWC + Net FA = $625 - $125 + $625 = $1,125  OC 2002 = $900  Net investment in OC = $1,125 - $900 = $225

17-18 FCF= NOPAT– Net inv. in OC = EBIT (1 – T) – Net inv. in OC = $125 (0.6) – $225 = $75 – $225 = -$150.

17-19  Additional sales could be supported with the existing level of assets.  The maximum amount of sales that can be supported by the current level of assets is: ◦ Capacity sales = Actual sales / % of capacity = $2,000 / 0.75 = $2,667  Since this is less than 2003 forecasted sales, no additional assets are needed.

17-20  The projected increase in fixed assets was $125, the AFN would decrease by $125.  Since no new fixed assets will be needed, AFN will fall by $125, to ◦ AFN = $179 – $125 = $54.

17-21  Target ratio = FA / Capacity sales = $500 / $2,667 = 18.75%  Have enough FA for sales up to $2,667, but need FA for another $333 of sales ◦ ΔFA = ($333) = $62.4

17-22  Sales wouldn’t change but assets would be lower, so turnovers would be better.  Less new debt, hence lower interest, so higher profits, EPS, ROE (when financing feedbacks were considered).  Debt ratio, TIE would improve.

17-23 % of 2002 Capacity 100% 75% Industry BEP10.00%11.11%20.00% Profit margin2.62%2.62%4.00% ROE8.77%8.77%15.60% DSO (days) Inv. turnover8.33x8.33x11.00x F. A. turnover4.00x5.00x5.00x T. A. turnover2.00x2.22x2.50x D/A ratio40.34%33.71%36.00% TIE7.81x7.81x9.40x Current ratio1.99x2.48x3.00x

17-24  DSO is higher than the industry average, and inventory turnover is lower than the industry average.  Improvements here would lower current assets, reduce capital requirements, and further improve profitability and other ratios.

17-25  Higher dividend payout ratio? ◦ Increase AFN: Less retained earnings.  Higher profit margin? ◦ Decrease AFN: Higher profits, more retained earnings.  Higher capital intensity ratio? ◦ Increase AFN: Need more assets for given sales.  Pay suppliers in 60 days, rather than 30 days? ◦ Decrease AFN: Trade creditors supply more capital (i.e., L*/S 0 increases).