Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biology is the science that focuses on life

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Some properties of life (c) Response to the environment (a) Order (d) Regulation (g) Reproduction (f) Growth and development (b) Evolutionary adaptation (e) Energy processing

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Eleven Themes that Unify Biology

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Eleven Themes #1 The Cell Contrasting eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in size and complexity EUKARYOTIC CELL Membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Nucleus (contains DNA) 1 µm PROKARYOTIC CELL DNA (no nucleus) Membrane

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #1 The Cell A lung cell from a newt divides into two smaller cells that will grow and divide again 25 µm

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #2 Heritable Information DNA: The genetic material Nucleus DNA Cell Nucleotide A C T A T A C C G G T A T A (b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a small section of one chain of a DNA molecule. Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences of the four types of nucleotides (their names are abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G). (a) DNA double helix. This model shows each atom in a segment of DNA. Made up of two long chains of building blocks called nucleotides, a DNA molecule takes the three-dimensional form of a double helix.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inherited DNA directs development of an organism Sperm cell Nuclei containing DNA Egg cell Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embyro’s cells with copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 8 Cells 6 Organs and organ systems 7 Tissues 10 Molecules 9 Organelles 50 µm 10 µm 1 µm Cell Atoms #3 Emergent Properties Exploring Levels of Biological Organization

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #3 Emergent Properties Exploring Levels of Biological Organization 1 The biosphere 2 Ecosystems 3 Communities 4 Populations 5 Organisms

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #3 Emergent Properties A systems map of interactions between proteins in a cell CELL Nucleus Cytoplasm Outer membrane and cell surface

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #4 Regulation Negative feedback B A C D Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 D D D D D D D D DD C B A Negative feedback

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #4 Regulation Positive feedback WW X Y Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z ZZ Z Z Z Y X Enzyme 4 Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Enzyme 4 Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Positive feedback

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #5 Interaction with the Environment Energy flow through an ecosystem Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Consumers (including animals) Sunlight Chemical energy Heat Ecosystem

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #6 Energy and Life Energy issues and usage Chemical energy Heat

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #7 Unity and Diversity Drawers of diversity

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #7 Unity and Diversity in the orchid family

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #7 Unity and Diversity An example of unity underlying the diversity of life: the architecture of cilia in eukaryotes Cilia of Paramecium. The cilia of Paramecium propel the cell through pond water. Cross section of cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope 15 µm 1.0 µm 5 µm Cilia of windpipe cells. The cells that line the human windpipe are equipped with cilia that help keep the lungs clean by moving a film of debris-trapping mucus upward.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #7 Unity and Diversity Classification Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Mammalia Ursus ameri- canus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Chordata Animalia Eukarya

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #7 Unity and Diversity Life’s Three Domains Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes, and are now divided among multiple kingdoms. Each of the rod-shaped structures in this photo is a bacterial cell. Protists (multiple kingdoms) are unicellular eukaryotes and their relatively simple multicellular relatives. Pictured here is an assortment of protists inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently debating how to split the protists into several kingdoms that better represent evolution and diversity. Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to food. Many of the prokaryotes known as archaea live in Earth‘s extreme environments, such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea includes multiple kingdoms. The photo shows a colony composed of many cells. Kindom Fungi is defined in part by the nutritional mode of its members, such as this mushroom, which absorbs nutrients after decomposing organic material. Kindom Animalia consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms. 100 µm 0.5 µm 4 µm

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #8 Evolution Charles Darwin in 1859, the year he published The Origin of Species

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #8 Evolution Summary of natural selection Population of organisms Hereditary variations Differences in reproductive success Evolution of adaptations in the population Overproduction and struggle for existence

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #8 Evolution Natural selection 1 Populations with varied inherited traits 2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits. 3 Reproduction of survivors. 4 Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #9 Structure and Function

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #9 Structure and Function Digging into the past

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #10 Scientific Inquiry A campground example of hypothesis-based inquiry Observations Questions Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem Test prediction Test does not falsify hypothesis Test prediction Test falsifies hypothesis

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #11 Science, Technology and Society - information science

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #11 Science, Technology and Society DNA technology and crime scene investigation

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings #11 Science, Technology and Society Science as a social process