BIOLOGY CHAPTER 7: ECOLOGY PART 2: COMMUNITY INTERACTION PRESENTED BY: Siti wajihah binti abdul jabar Siti salwa binti md noor NORFATIN NAZATUL AMIRA BINTI CHE YOP Wan anis syazwani binti mohd hanafi KHADIJAH BINTI ABADI NURUL NABILAH BINTI SETAPA

INTERACTIONS Three types of interactions: Symbiosis Predation Competition

2.0 SYMBIOSIS Literally means ‘living together’. Five types of symbiosis: 1. Commensalism 2. Mutualism 3. Parasitism 4. Amensalism 5. Synnecrosis

COMMENSALISM The relationship between two different species where one species enjoys a benefit while the other is not significantly affected. The benefits for one organism can be in a variety of forms.

The examples of Commensalism: Barnacles and Whales Monarch Butterfly and Milkweed Pseudo Scorpions and Beetles

The examples of Commensalism: Remora Fish and Shark Decorator Crab and Sea Sponge Birds following Army Ants

MUTUALISM The way two organisms of different species exist in relationship in which each individual from the activity of the other. examine the species involved and see if they are both receiving benefits, such as food, shelter, protection, dispersal, or any other activity that aides in the success of the organism.

The examples of mutualism: The buffalo and starlings The bees and flowers Anemone and clownfish

The examples of mutualism: The protozoa and termites Digestive bacteria and human

PARASITISM a relationship between two organisms where one is usually harmed and the other gets benefits from the relationship Parasites are smaller than their host organism and can reproduce quicker, causing more damage to the host.

The examples of parasitism: Lice in human head The guava and fruit flies The tapeworm in human body

2.1 COMPETITION Competition is also known as competitive interaction. An interaction between organisms or species in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another. One of many interacting biotic and abiotic factors that affect community structure.

CATEGORIES: INTRASPESIFIC INTERSPECIFIC Different species Same species To obtain food, mate and territory When a resource is in short supply that used by one, it is not available to the other (exploitation). Different species To obtain water, food and minerals One species may migrate or shift feeding habits or face extinction (interference).

THE EXAMPLES: INTRASPECIFIC INTERSPECIFIC

THE OUTCOMES COEXISTENCE COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION MUTUAL EXTINCTION

2.2 PREDATION Predation is a biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey. The words "predator" and "prey" are almost always used to mean only animals that eat animals, but the same concept also applies to plants Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of its prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption.

Examples of Predator-Prey (animals): A South China tiger feeding on the blesbuck Indian phyton swallowing a small chital deer Meat ants feeding on a cicada

Examples of Prey-Predator (plants): Grasshopper and leaf Bear and Berry Rabbit and Lettuce

ADAPTATION & BEHAVIOUR Predator and prey species are in an evolutionary arms race to maximize their respective abilities to obtain food or avoid being eaten. This interaction has resulted in a vast array of adaptations in both groups. Types of Adaptations: Camouflage Mimicry Types of Behaviors: Chemical Weapons Mobbing

CAMOUFLAGE Camouflage consists of not only color but also shape and pattern. The background upon which the organism is seen can be both its environment For example, the praying mantis to the right resembling dead leaves. The more convincing camouflage is, the more likely it is that the organism will go unseen.

MIMICRY Mimicry is a related phenomenon where an organism has a similar appearance to another species. For example, batesian mimicry is the io moth, (Automeris io), which has markings on its wings that resemble an owl's eyes.

CHEMICAL WEAPONS Some organisms have evolved chemical weapons that are effective deterrents against predation. It is most common in insects, but the skunk is a particularly dramatic mammalian example. For example, the Pacific beetle cockroach, which sprays a quinone mixture from modified spiracles, or the ornate moth, which acquires toxins from its larval food plant that deter most of its predators.

MOBBING Mobbing behavior occurs when members of a species drive away their predator by cooperatively attacking or harassing it. Most frequently seen in birds, mobbing is also seen in other social animals. For example, nesting gull colonies are widely seen to attack intruders, including humans.

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