Testes do not descend –3% of full term infants, 30% premature –both sides results in sterility Chance of testicular cancer times higher 80% spontaneously descend in first year Hormones or surgery needed otherwise

SpermatogoniaPrimary spermatocyte Spermatid Secondary spermatocyte Spermatozoon

Seminiferous tubule Rete tubules EpididymusEfferent ducts Vas deferensEjaculatory ducts Urethra

Portion of Vas (Ductus) deferens removed Sperm produced but degenerate Can be reversed (45-60% effective)

Seminal vesicles –fructose –alkaline Prostate –acidic –enzymes Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands –alkaline

Volume –Low indicates defect or inflammation Motility –At least 60% swimmers Count –Below 20 million/ml indicates infertility –20-40 million borderline Morphology –65-70% not deformed pH –Slightly alkaline Fructose present Liquefaction within 2 hours –Enzyme defect if not occurring

Part or all of prepuce is removed Usually performed by eighth day of life No consensus on medical benefits

Fluid-filled sac on or in ovary Relatively common (most under 2 inches) Usually noncancerous

OogoniumPrimary oocyte Ovum Secondary oocyte Maturation after fertilization

Fallopian tubes cut and cauterized Can be reversed

Caused by bacterium –Staphylococcus aureus High fever (up to 105), sore throat, tender mouth, headache, rash, abdominal pain, vaginal irritation Most common in females who use tampons

Yolk Sac Amnion Chorion Allantois