Organic Chemistry Dr. Ron Rusay Fall 2001 © Copyright 2001 R.J. Rusay

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ð ð The study of carbon-containing compounds. ð ð Organic compounds contain backbones comprised of chains and/or rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms. ð ð Commonly used formulas are empirical, molecular, structural (bond-line, condensed and 3-D).

InorganicOrganic Chemicals are just chemicals Friedrich Wohler: 1850’s Proving that “living” chemicals are no different than other chemicals; disproving “animism”.

HYDROCARBONS ð ð Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. ð ð They represent a “backbone” when other “heteroatoms” (O, N, S,.....) are substituted for H. (The heteroatoms give function to the molecule.) ð AcyclicCyclic Saturated Unsaturated ð Acyclic (without rings); Cyclic (with rings); Saturated: only carbon-carbon single bonds; Unsaturated: contains one or more carbon-carbon double and/or triple bond

HYDROCARBONS ð Alkanes ð Alkanes contain only single bonds and have the generic molecular formula: [C n H 2n+2 ] ð Alkenes ð Alkenes contain double bonds and have the generic molecular formula: [C n H 2n ] ð Alkynes ð Alkynes contain triple bonds and have the generic molecular formula: [C n H 2n-2 ]

Naming Alkanes -ane 1.For alkanes beyond butane, add -ane to the Greek root for the number of carbons. ane C-C-C-C-C-C = hexane -ane -yl 2.Alkyl substituents: drop the -ane and add -yl. yl -CH 3 : methyl yl -C 2 H 5 : ethyl

Naming Alkanes 3.Positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain sequentially. C  C-C-C-C-C-C3-methylhexane 4.Location and name are followed by root alkane name. Substituents in alphabetical order and use di-, tri-, etc.

Isomerism

Common Functional Groups (“Hydrocarbon Derivatives”) ClassGeneral Formula HalohydrocarbonsR  X Alcohols (Phenols)R  EthersR  R Amines

Common Functional Groups Common Functional Groups ClassGeneral Formula Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters Amides

Polymers

Polymers Macromolecules which are made from small molecules, monomers, which structurally repeat themselves. MonomerPolymer EthylenePolyethylene Vinyl chloridePolyvinyl chloride TetrafluoroethyleneTeflon Amines - AcidsNylon & Proteins

Nylon(s)

Proteins