Organic Chemistry

Hydrocarbons Contain only carbon and hydrogen Carbon (4 valence e - ) will ALWAYS form four bonds

Alkanes Only single covalent bonds C 1 -C 4 —gases at room temp. C 5 -C 10 —liquids at room temp. C 11 and up—solids at room temp. Nonpolar molecules, do not mix with water.

Alkanes C n H 2n+2 is the formula for all alkanes Structural— Condensed— Molecular--

Naming Alkanes Find the longest “parent chain” in the molecule and name it. Name any branches using the correct prefix and the ending “-yl” Assign a number for the location on the parent chain where the branch is located.

Isomers Structural isomers have the same molecular formula, but different structures. Since they are built differently, they have different properties and react differently with other compounds.

Isomers Build a model of C 4 H 10

Isomers Build a model of C 4 H 10 Does it look like this?

Isomers There is another form of C 4 H 10

And it looks like this:

Same molecular formula (C 3 H 8 ), but completely different construction. That’s isomers.

Isomers How many isomers are there for pentane? How many are there for hexane? Draw and name as many octane isomers as you can (as a group) before the end of class. (1 pt. each) Do the isomers page for homework.

Alkenes and Alkynes Contain double (-ene) or triple (-yne) bonds. Called unsaturated compounds. How do we name them?

Functional Groups This is a specific arrangement of atoms attached to an organic compound. The method we’ll use to introduce them will have the molecule represented as ‘R’ and the functional group attached.

Halocarbons This is a hydrocarbon with a halogen attached to it. R-Cl or R-Br How do you name them?

Alcohols This is a hydrocarbon with a hydroxyl attached to it. R-OH The carbon with the hydroxyl is numbered first, before any other attachment. How do we name them?

Ethers This is a hydrocarbon that has an oxygen along the chain. R-O-R’ How do we name them? Unfortunately, there are two systems for naming ethers:

Aldehydes & Ketones They have a carbonyl group attached to them. -C=O A ketone has the carbonyl along the middle of the chain, and an aldehyde has the carbonyl at the end of the chain. How do we name them?

Carboxylic Acids Have a carboxyl group attached to them. These acids donate hydrogen ions just like any other acid. The carbon with the carboxyl attached to it is automatically carbon # 1. How do we name acids?

Esters Product of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol Often used as artificial flavors and fragrances.

Amines and Amides Contain the functional group –NH 2 Amines have the NH 2 anywhere along the chain. Amides have the NH 2 at the end of the chain, attached to a carbonyl group. And for the last time, how do we name them?

Benzene

Some benzene compounds

Drug Compounds Ephedrinemethamphetamine

Caffeine

Steroids

Steroid Basis

Andro

Some others… andriol

Some others… dianabol

Polymers Large molecules formed by the repeated bonding of smaller molecules. For example, polyethylene is formed by repeating ethene molecules; sometimes thousands of them. Everything we know as plastic is some kind of polymer.

Fatty Acids or Fats Fats are carboxylic acids. An acid with only single bonds along the chain is a saturated fat. An acid with double bonds along the chain is an unsaturated fat.

Fatty Acids The double bond comes in two types, cis- and trans-. The trans- bond keeps the chain straight, and the cis- bonds makes the chain bend.

Omega 3 Fatty Acids

Table of Fatty Acids Common Name CarbonDouble Scientific NameSources AtomsBonds Butyric acid40 butanoic acid butterfat Caproic Acid60 hexanoic acid butterfat Caprylic Acid80 octanoic acid coconut oil Capric Acid100 decanoic acid coconut oil Lauric Acid120 dodecanoic acid coconut oil Myristic Acid140 tetradecanoic acid palm kernel oil Palmitic Acid160 hexadecanoic acid palm oil Palmitoleic Acid161 9-hexadecenoic acid animal fats Stearic Acid180 octadecanoic acid animal fats Oleic Acid181 9-octadecenoic acid olive oil

Polymers All of these polymers that make plastics and fabrics are made of molecules that were distilled from crude oil.

Where a standard barrel of crude oil goes: 47% Gasoline 23% Heating oil & Diesel fuel 18% Plastics, synthetic rubber, chemicals 10% Jet fuel 4% Propane 3% Asphalt If we quit driving cars today, we would still need oil for lots of things.