Reformation 1500s

Leading up to the Reformation Christian humanists Christian humanists Erasmus Erasmus Printing press Printing press Corruption in Church Corruption in Church

Church Abuses money toward building cathedrals money toward building cathedrals simony – selling of Church offices simony – selling of Church offices absenteeism – subordinates paid to run offices; substitutes absenteeism – subordinates paid to run offices; substitutes “good works” “good works” indulgences – pardon for sins indulgences – pardon for sins

Martin Luther Johann Tetzel – “salesman” Johann Tetzel – “salesman” Luther – German reformer Luther – German reformer 95 theses 95 theses 1521 – Luther excommunicated 1521 – Luther excommunicated ideas spread - Protestant ideas spread - Protestant

Luther’s beliefs faith alone achieves salvation faith alone achieves salvation Bible is sole source of truth Bible is sole source of truth rejected that Church had special powers rejected that Church had special powers banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, prayers to saints banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, prayers to saints preferred sermon rather than mass preferred sermon rather than mass

Reformation Spreads Switzerland, Scandinavia, England Switzerland, Scandinavia, England John Calvin John Calvin “Doctrine of the Elect” “Doctrine of the Elect” John Knox – Calvinist preacher John Knox – Calvinist preacher Scottish Presbyterian Church Scottish Presbyterian Church Henry VIII – king of England Henry VIII – king of England Church of England Church of England

Counter Reformation Inquisition – Church court tries heretics Inquisition – Church court tries heretics Index of Forbidden Books Index of Forbidden Books testimony, torture, execution testimony, torture, execution Council of Trent – 1545 Council of Trent – 1545 steps to end abuses of Church steps to end abuses of Church faith and good works faith and good works

The Scientific Revolution

Views of the World Ptolemy’s Model Ptolemy’s Model Copernicus – proposes heliocentric model Copernicus – proposes heliocentric model Brahe & Kepler support theory with evidence Brahe & Kepler support theory with evidence Galileo – Italian astronomer Galileo – Italian astronomer used telescope to see heavens used telescope to see heavens

Scientific Advances Scientific Method Scientific Method Isaac Newton Isaac Newton law of gravity law of gravity Rene Descartes Rene Descartes human reasoning human reasoning “I think, therefore I am.” “I think, therefore I am.” Francis Bacon Francis Bacon experiment and observation experiment and observation practical technologies practical technologies