Plants & Animals

– Nonvascular Plants – mosses, liverworts and hornworts are nonvascular plants. These lack vascular tissue which is a system of tubes that transport food, water and minerals throughout the plant. Water and nutrients travel from cell to cell by osmosis and diffusion. As a result, nonvascular plants are extremely short and are limited to moist habitats. Also called bryophytes. Plants

Vascular Plants – Able to live in a variety of habitats because of vascular tissue. In addition to transporting materials through the plant, vascular tissue provides strength and stability to the plant. – Xylem – carries water from roots to rest of plant – Phloem – carries food (glucose) and nutrients from leaves to rest of plant Plants

– Seedless Vascular Plants Reproduce by spores Ex. ferns Plants

– Gymnosperms – a seed plant that produces cones. – Many gymnosperms have needle-like or scale-like leaves. – Male cones produce pollen. – Female cones contain ovules. – During pollination, pollen falls from a male cone to a female cone and fertilization occurs. The ovule will develop into a seed on the scale of a female cone. When the seed is mature, the scales open up so that the wind can shake the seeds from the cone and carry them away. – Ex. Conifers, cycads Plants

– Angiosperms – a seed plant that produces flowers. – The beautiful colors of flowers depend on the leaflike petals. – Within the petals are the flower’s reproductive parts: » Male parts = stamen Anther – top part that produces pollen Filament – skinny fiber that supports the anther » Female parts = pistil Stigma – sticky tip of the pistil Style – connects stigma to the ovary Ovary – contains eggs and protects them as they develop Plants

 Pollen can be carried by the wind or by animals that travel from one flower to another. If the pollen lands on the stigma of a similar flower, fertilization can occur. Once fertilization occurs, the ovary changes into a fruit such as an apple or lemon. Angiosperm seeds are dispersed through fruits.

– Annelids – invertebrates with long, segmented, narrow bodies without legs. Circulation – closed circulatory system with blood contained in blood vessels. An earthworm’s blood is circulated by a series of blood vessels that surround the segments in the anterior end of the worm – called aortic arches. Digestion – earthworms have two special organs that aid in digestion of their food: – Crop – adds moisture to the food and stores it – Gizzard – grinds food before entering intestine Reproduction – earthworms are hermaphroditic, but must exchange sperm with another worm. Animals

– Arthropods– an organism with a segmented body, a tough exoskeleton, and jointed appendages. Insects – arthropods that have three body sections (head, thorax and abdomen), six legs, one pair of antennae and usually two pairs of wings. An exoskeleton is a tough outer covering that supports and protects the body and is made of protein and the carbohydrate chitin. Metamorphosis – insects go through incredible changes from egg to adult. Animals

– Amphibians – an amphibian is a vertebrate that is ectothermic. One of only vertebrates that undergoes metamorphosis from egg to larva (tadpole) to adult frog. Respiration – Larvae obtain oxygen from water passing over gills. – Adult amphibians use lungs to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood. Gases are also exchanged through the thin, moist skin of adult amphibians. Circulation –three-chambered heart. The three chambered heart is needed because walking on land requires a great deal of energy from food and oxygen for aerobic respiration. Homeostasis – An amphibian is an ectotherm – which means that it is cold-blooded. – When a region becomes too hot or too cold for a part of the year, many amphibians become dormant by burrowing into the mud and staying there until suitable conditions return. Animals

– Mammals Feeding – mammals have several types of glands that secrete fluids: saliva, sweat, oil, hormones and milk. Mammals feed their young from mammary glands that produce milk rich in fat, sugar and protein. Once mammals can eat solid food, they take advantage of specialized teeth Respiration and Circulation – mammals have a four-chambered heart to ensure a good supply of nutrients and oxygen delivered to cells. Mammals use lungs to breathe. A large muscle called the diaphragm forces air into and out of the lungs. Homeostasis – mammals are endotherms (warm-blooded). Energy required to maintain temperature comes from metabolism. Nervous system – mammals use 5 major senses to gather information: vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Animals

Mammals Reproduction – Placental Mammals – give birth to young that have developed inside mother’s uterus until body systems are functional. – Marsupials – short period of development within mother’s body, after which they continue development in pouch made of hair and skin outside of mother’s body. – Monotremes – mammals that lay eggs. Amimals