Period 1

PaleolithicNeolithic Meaning“Old Stone Age”“New Stone Age” DwellingMouths of caves, huts, skin tentsMud bricks supported by timber LifestyleNomadic; in groups of up to 50; tribal society; hunters and gatherers Sedentary; farmed in permanent settlements and raised/herded animals; agriculture was discovered & became a major source of food. ToolsChipped stone, wooden weapons, light stone tools (not sharpened) Polished stone tools made sharper by grinding ClothesAnimal skinsAnimal skins, woven garments GovernanceTribal society. Clan controlled by elders or the powerful Military and religious leaders had authority. EconomyNo private propertyConcept of private property and ownership emerged for things such as land, livestock, tools HealthPeople were taller and lived longer than Neolithic people. People shorter and had lower life expectancy. Diseases rose up. Women had more children. ArtCave PaintingsWall paintings Main discoveryFire; rough stone toolsAgriculture and tools with polished stones, the plow. FoodHunted and gatheredGrew crops such as corn, wheat, beans, etc.

The Paleolithic Before food production people were hunters and gatherers.

Paleo Society H&G did not allow for accumulation of much wealth  highly egalitarian, Paleo societies. No specialists  Most possessed the same skills sets (including women) Relationships between women and men were usually more equal. Women brought home most of the food consumed.

Migration Into…

Migration  Technological Innovation Movement of people  technological innovations Stone blades and points fastened to shafts replaced earlier hand axes Tools made from bones Grindstones Spear Throwers Bow & Arrow

New System Necessity led to the need to change hunter- gatherer lifestyle to a more sedentary, farming one. Drought  Extinction of large animals  Finding a secure source of water & Settling down

Neolithic Revolution Began around 12,000 BCE It’s the systematic cultivation of plants and domestication of animals. It introduced settled communities. Why did it happen? Climate Change Scarcity of food Increasing population Where did it happen? Eurasia, Zagros Mts., it had an ideal climate and 9 of the 14 domesticatable animals of the world, including the “Big 5.” (America has only 5, some places have none) Zagros China and America developed the NR independently while Egypt acquired it from their neighbors. Australia never had a Neolithic Revolution. Only.1% of plants and animals are Edible, most are indigestible, poisonous, Low in nutrition, tedious to prepare, Difficult to gather, or dangerous to hunt.

“Neolithic Firsts” 1.Agriculture provides steady food supply 2.Village settled life, fewer nomads 3.Animals are domesticated Domestication alters the plant or animal increasing traits that are more desirable.

New Technology  Textiles Protect settlers from new conditions. Fire  Good for plants & soil.  Pottery Held grain surplus.

Cradles of Civilization

New Societies Chiefdoms Pastoralism Village-Based Agricultural Societies

Çatal Höyük A Neolithic Settlement 7500 BCE Relatively egalitarian—no evidence of labor specialization or gender distinction Grew cereals, peas, domesticated sheep and began to domesticate cattle; however, only about 40% of diet at the highest

The End