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Nuclear Fission and Fusion

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Presentation transcript:

Powered by Rock Dr Liam Herringshaw Earth's Energy Systems

To finish from last week... Fracking for shale gas

Unconventional hydrocarbons

Does fracking pollute aquifers? From 'Gasland'

Fracture propagation Redrawn from Davies et al. (2012) <1% risk of vertical frack >350m 600m minimum safe separation distance

Fracking fluids?

4000 holes in Blackpool Lancashire?

Well density Carboniferous – Bowland Shale thicker than US shales – 1300 Tcf resources? – 5% recoverable = 65 Tcf – Bcf per well – = 13,000-26,000 wells – 10 wells per pad – = pads But many uncertainties

Well integrity Leakage rate? Is UK well-prepared?

24 Jan Jan 2013 Consensus?

Researching Fracking In Europe Research briefs Translations Videos News

Oil & Gas – for or against? VOTE!

This week: Nuclear

Energy from uranium? One of heaviest natural elements: ~19x as dense as water; Two common isotopes: U-238 & U-235: Nucleus: 92 protons or 146 neutrons Slow, radioactive decay

Energy from uranium? When U-235 captures a neutron it splits = FISSION Releases heat (& neutrons) Neutron release can create chain reaction if other U- 235 atoms nearby = NUCLEAR REACTOR

Uranium geology Occurs in most rocks (and seawater) but in small quantities: 2-4 ppm Need enrichment for economic viability Main producers: Australia, Kazakhstan, Canada Pitchblende

The U in unconformity Highest grade uranium ores occur at ancient geological erosion surfaces

Uranium power ~440 uranium-fuelled nuclear reactors 2500bn kWh per year (13% of global elec.)

Nuclear – for or against? Your arguments (with reference/s)

Where does the waste go?

Deep geological storage Retention over 10s- 100s of ka Finland USA

Nuclear danger? How risky is nuclear power? Much less so than coal, oil or gas! Deaths/cases per TWh (Markandya & Wilkinson 2007)

Nuclear danger? Do disasters pose as great a risk as is generally perceived? Fukushima: “for the general population inside and outside of Japan … no observable increases in cancer rates above baseline rates are anticipated.” (WHO)

A Fusion Future?

Nuclear fusion In hearts of stars, enormous heat generated by atomic nuclei colliding at high speed, fusing and releasing energy (as neutrons) Image from Universe Today

Fusion breakthrough? New research by Hurricane et al. (2014):

Nuclear – for or against? VOTE!

Next week: Geothermal A major source of heat? Economically viable for UK? Consider your arguments...