Latin Verb Review Person Number Tense Voice Mood Who is doing the action? Is the subject singular or plural? Is the action happening in the past, present, or future? Is the verb passive or active? Is the verb indicative, imperative, or subjunctive? Relationship of a verb with reality or intent.

Worry about this later Subjunctive Moods The most common mood, used in factual statements. Indicative Imperative Used with commands. Worry about this later Subjunctive

Principle Parts Most Latin verbs have 4 principle parts. 1st principle part = 1st person, singular, present, active, indicative. Videō = I see. 2nd principle part = present, active, infinitive. The present stem comes from dropping the –re. Vidēre = to see. 3rd principle part = 1st person, singular, perfect, active, indicative. The perfect stem comes from dropping the –ī. Vīdī = I saw. 4th principle part = perfect, passive, participle. Vīsum = having been seen

Stems Present stem = 2nd principle part – ‘-re.’ Perfect stem = 3rd principle part – ‘-ī.’

1st Conjugation Distinguished from the characteristic ā in the present stem. Most 1st Conjugation verbs have the pattern of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum. Dō, dāre, dedī, dātum is an example of a first conjugation verb that does not follow the typical pattern.

2nd Conjugation Distinguished from the characteristic ē in the stem. NOTE: YOU WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR KNOWING AND REPRODUCING THE LONG E FOR SECOND CONJUGATION VERBS ON QUIZZES AND EXAMS.

3rd Conjugation & 3rd Conjugation io The 3rd conjugation is distinguished by the characteristic short e in the present stem. The 3rd conjugation io is distinguished by the characteristic short e in the present stem, AND the ‘io’ ending in the first principle part.

4th Conjugation Distinguished by the characteristic ī in the present stem.

Personal Endings for present, future, and imperfect, active voice. Singular Plural -o/m (I) 1st 2nd 3rd -mus (we) -tis (you plur) -s (you) -nt (they) -t (he/she/it)

Present Active For 1st, 2nd, and 4th Conjugations, add the personal endings to the present stem. Note: 1st conjugation drops the ā in the stem in the 1st person, singular, present, active, indicative Note: 4th conjugation 3rd person, plural, active, indicative, present ‘-iunt’ For 3rd and 3rd io Conjugations, change the stem vowel from the short e to a short i and add the personal endings. Note the difference in the 3rd person, plural, present, active, indicative

Present Examples Erras Mones Ducis Capis Venis Errant Monent Ducunt You err. Mones You warn. Ducis You lead. Capis You capture. Venis You come Errant They err. Monent They warn. Ducunt They lead. Capiunt They capture. Veniunt They come.

Imperfect For all conjugations, add ‘ba’ + the personal endings to the present stem. Note: The first person singular personal ending is –m. Examples: Errabam (I was erring) Monebam (I was warning) Ducebam (I was leading) Capiebam (I was capturing) Veniebam (I was coming)

Future For 1st and 2nd conjugations, add ‘bi’ + personal endings to the stem. For 3rd conjugation, lengthen the stem vowel from ‘e’ to ‘ē,’ and add the personal endings. For 3rd conjugation io, change the stem vowel to ‘ie’, and add the personal endings. For 4th conjugation, add an e to the stem, and add you personal endings. NOTE THE FIRST PERSON SINGULAR OF ALL CONJUGATIONS.

Future Examples Errabo Monebo Ducam Capiam Veniam Errabunt Monebunt I shall err. Monebo I shall warn. Ducam I shall lead. Capiam I shall capture. Veniam I shall come. Errabunt They will err. Monebunt They will warn. Ducent They will lead. Capient They will capture. Venient They will come.

Present Imperative The present stem = the singular imperative. Remember the four exceptions to this are: Dic = say Duc = lead Fac = do Fer = bear For the plural, add ‘te’ to the stem. Remember to change the e to an i in the 3rd and 3rd io conjugations.

Sum and possum present, active, indicative Singular 1st person: sum I am 2nd person: es You are 3rd person: est He/she/it is Plural 1st person: sumus We are 2nd person: estis 3rd person: sunt They are Singular 1st person: possum I am able 2nd person: potes You are able 3rd person: potest He/she/it is able Plural 1st person: possumus We are able 2nd person: potestis 3rd person: possunt They are able

Sum and Possum future, active, indicative Singular 1st person: ero I shall 2nd person: eris You will 3rd person: erit He/she/it will Plural 1st person: erimus We shall 2nd person: eritis 3rd person: erunt They will Singular 1st person: potero I shall be able 2nd person: poteris You will be able 3rd person: poterit He/she/it will be able Plural 1st person: poterimus We shall be able 2nd person: poteritis 3rd person: poterunt

Sum and Possum imperfect, active, indicative Singular 1st person: eram I was 2nd person: eras You were 3rd person: erat He/she/it was Plural 1st person: eramus We were 2nd person: eratis 3rd person: erant They were Singular 1st person: poteram I was able 2nd person: poteras You were able 3rd person: poterat He/she/it was able Plural 1st person: poteramus We were able 2nd person: poteratis 3rd person: poterant They were able

Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect Perfect personal endings are added to the perfect stem.

Perfect Example Singular Plural Errāvī Errāvistī Errāvit Errāvimus I erred. Errāvistī You erred. Errāvit He/she/it erred Plural Errāvimus We erred. Errāvistis You erred. Errāvērunt They erred.

Pluperfect Example Singular Plural Errāveram Errāverās Errāverat I had erred. Errāverās You had erred. Errāverat He/she/it had erred. Plural Errāverāmus We had erred. Errāverātis You had erred. Errāverant They had erred.

Future Perfect Examples Singular Errāverō I will have erred. Errāveris You will have erred. Errāverit He/she/it will have erred. Plural Errāverimus We will have erred. Errāveritis You will have erred. Errāverint They will have erred.