LOVING THE MASH: Its Not A Four Letter Word The BJCP Exam 2011 Richard De Palma New York City Homebrewers Guild Westchester Homebrewers Organization May 2011

MASH “I believe the most important part of brewing a great beer takes place in the mash. This is really where beer is made.” Michael “Mufasa” Fergeson “Mashing is the heart and soul of brewing.” Randy Mosher

The Brewing Process THE MASH The Idea: brew a beer Recipe formulation Ingredient procurement and processing THE MASH The Boil (including hop additions) Cooling Fermentation Racking Carbonation Packaging Drinking

The M-word “Its that M-word: Mashing. The beast in the homebrew closet. A snarling tangle of chemistry, hoses, uncertainty, and chances for things to go terribly wrong. Well, a monster can be a pussycat if you just scratch its ears the right way.” Randy Mosher, Radical Brewing 37 (Brewers Publ. 2004)

MASH: What Is It? “Mashing is mixing crushed malted [and unmalted] cereal grains (the grist) with water at a certain ratio for specific times at specific temperatures.” Gordon Strong, Brewing Better Beer 29 (Brewers Publications 2011). “Mashing is the term for the hot water steeping process that hydrates the malt, gelatinizes its starches, releases its natural enzymes, and converts the starches into fermentable sugars.” John J. Palmer, How to Brew, 141 (Brewers Publications 2006).

MASH: What Is the Goal? WORT PRODUCTION: taking (mostly) grain–based raw ingredients and turn them into wort: the nutrient-rich, highly fermentable, sugar-laden soup that we then flavor with hops (and other spices) and ferment using yeast, to make beer.

Isn’t there more to it than that? Yes.

What Characteristics of The Finished Beer Can be Manipulated in the Mash? Virtually all of them: Flavor Body Mouthfeel Aroma Fermentability Alcohol Content Color

In Order to Understand The Mash and Make the Right Choices To Achieve Your Target Wort, You MUST Understand the Role of ENZYMES!

ENZYMES “Enzymes”: amazing protein molecules located in the grain and developed during the malting process. Enzymes are “catalysts”: a material that participates in a chemical reaction without being altered.

ENZYMES In the mash, enzymes systematically break down complex carbohydrates, proteins and other constituents in the grains to produce fermentable sugars and other desirable compounds and conditions.

ENZYMES “brewing itself can be regarded as a series of enzyme-mediated reactions.” George Fix, Principals of Brewing Science 40 (Brewers Publ. 1989.

ENZYMES Characterized by “specificity”: each enzyme works on only a few (perhaps only one) “substrate” to drive a very specific reaction “Lock and Key” Theory:

Carbohydrates = Carbohydrase ENZYMES Examples: Enzymes that break down: Proteins = Proteinase Glucans = Glucanase Carbohydrates = Carbohydrase

This is the key to understanding the Mash ENZYMES Enzyme activity is directly affected by: Temperature pH Pressure This is the key to understanding the Mash

ENZYMES Table 11 - Major Enzyme Groups and Functions Optimum Temperature Range Working pH Range Function Phytase 86-126°F 5.0-5.5 Lowers the mash pH. No longer used. Debranching (var.) 95-113°F 5.0-5.8 Solubilization of starches. Beta Glucanase 4.5-5.5 Best gum breaking rest. Peptidase 113-131°F 4.6-5.3 Produces Free Amino Nitrogen (FAN). Protease Breaks up large proteins that form haze. Beta Amylase 131-150°F Produces maltose. Alpha Amylase 154-162°F 5.3-5.7 Produces a variety of sugars, including maltose. Note: The above numbers were averaged from several sources and should be interpreted as typical optimum activity ranges. The enzymes will be active outside the indicated ranges but will be destroyed as the temperature increases above each range. John J. Palmer, How to Brew, 143, Table 11 (Brewers Publications 2006)

ENZYMES “One of the biggest misconceptions about enzymes is that they work like transistors or diodes – that they just switch on or off under specific conditions. Don’t think of a switch, think of a bell curve – there is a region where the enzymes are most active, but they are still functioning outside the prime temperature range.” Gordon Strong, Brewing Better Beer 29 (Brewers Publications 2011)

ENZYMES Denaturing: irreversible process by which enzymes break down by (usually) being exposed to heat beyond their normal functioning range.

The Mash Process: Control Mashing is the process by which we use specific temperatures and pH ranges to control enzymatic activity, creating the wort we desire.

The Mash Process Both malted and unmalted grains have their starch reserves locked in a tightly packed protein/carbohydrate matrix that prevents the enzymes from being able to access the starches for conversion to the more simple sugars that yeast can ferment.

The Mash Process Modification: the degree to which cell walls and the protein/carbohydrate matrix in the endosperm is broken down during malting. Most commonly used indicator of modification is the soluble-to-total protein ration (aka Kolbach Index) 30-35% = under-modified 36-40% = moderate 40-44% = well-modified 44-48 = highly modified Degree of modification can drive the type of mash regime you use.

The Mash Process Before the enzymatic reactions can take place, the malt must be pre-processed: Milling: individual kernals are cracked open to expose the starchy endosperm Liquifaction: starch granules take up water in the mash naturally; aided by α-amylase which penetrates starch skin and aides water uptake Gelatinization: starch literally bursts open making it accessible to enzymatic attack; occurs for malt at 60° - 65°C (140° - 150°F)

Strike Water Volume and Temperature The Mash Process Strike Water Volume and Temperature Water to Grain Ration Mash tun capacity Enzymatic considerations – thinner mash creates a more fermentable wort Uniformity of temperature of mash System water loss (pumps, hoses, false bottom) Strike water temperature Temperature of grain Thermal mass of mash tun Target temperature after dough in

TYPES OF MASH REGIMES SINGLE INFUSION STEP INFUSION DECOCTION DOUBLE MASH SOUR MASH PARTI GYLE Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

SINGLE INFUSION MASH Single saccharification rest for entire mash Temperature considerations: usually between 148°-155°F Lower temperature favor β-amylase activity – more fermentable wort Higher temperature favors α-amylase activity – less fermentable wort Time considerations: usually one hour Actual conversion usually within 30 minutes At lower temperatures, may lengthen rest time, e.g., seventy-five or ninety minutes Test for conversion – iodine, taste Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

SINGLE INFUSION MASH Used for today’s well modified malts Starches and proteins converted during malting Protein rests with well-modified malts may deteriorate medium molecular weight proteins needed for head retention Most used by pro brewers Most economical Single vessel Less energy Less time Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

SINGLE INFUSION MASH Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

VORLAUF Recirculate the wort through the mash bed Helps make mash temperature uniform Sets the grain bed as a filter Clarifies the wort manually pumps gravity (?) Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

MASH OUT Mash Out: 168°-170°F. Denatures enzymes and fixes the fermentable sugar composition of the wort. Also, thins the mash, making it easier to lauter. Do not allow water to be too hot (above 170º F), can cause extraction of tannins and other harsh and astringent materials from the grain husks. Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

LAUTER AND SPARGE Lauter is the process by which the wort is separated from the grain husks and other left over materials in the mash Same vessel or separate vessel whirlpool Sparging is the “rinsing” of the grain to obtain the sugars for transfer to the boil kettle Batch sparging Fly sparging No sparge pH (above 8) and water temperature (above 170º F) can cause extraction of unwanted harsh and astringent flavors (tanninis in husks)

STEP MASH Similar to single infusion, but where the wort is raised through successive “steps” or rests to activate multiple enzymatic reactions Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

STEP MASH Temperature raises Direct fire Steam RIMS HERMS Decoction Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

STEP MASH Common Mash Rests Ferulic Acid Rest: 111°-115°F (20 minutes) to develop ferulic acid in weizens metabolized by weizen yeast to create 4-vinyl guaiacol β-Glucanase Rest: 98°-113°F (20 minutes) if a large percentage of starchy adjuncts (unmalted and flaked wheat, rye or oats) are used: breaks down gummy glucans Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

STEP MASH Common Mash Rests Protein Rest: 122°-131°F (10-20 minutes) to allow proteolytic enzymes to work, principally proteases and peptidases; in undermodified malt, can create medium-weight molecular proteins that can reduce chill haze and help with head retention. Skip with well-modified malts (e.g., British and U.S. pale malts). Pilsner malts and under-modified German malts may benefit. Also use if high percentage adjuncts (with a β-glucanase rest) Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

STEP MASH Common Mash Rests β-Amylase Rest: 142°-149°F (60 minutes). This is the primary saccharification rest. β-amylase drives the reactions which cleave the ends of long chain starches off, forming maltose. Works well in a pH of 5.0 to 5.6 range. Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

STEP MASH Common Mash Rests α-Amylase Rest: 154°-162°F (60 minutes). This is the other saccharification rest. α-amylase drives the reactions which also create more longer-chain, unfermentable sugars, such as dextrins, in addition to forming maltose. Works well in a pH of 5.1 to 5.9 range. Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

STEP MASH George Fix, Principles of Brewing Science 96, Table IIA-2 (Brewers Publ. 1989) Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process 37

DECOCTION MASH Historical German and Czech Method of Mashing Still used with under-modified malts, particularly German and Czech (Moravian) pilsner malts, to obtain significant maltiness in a dry beer. Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

DECOCTION MASH Typically mash is begun at a low temperature rest, i.e., acid or protein rest A portion of the mash (the “decoction”) is removed to another kettle and raised to saccharification temperature for a short rest, and then boiled for 20 minutes or more. The “decoction” is then returned to the main mash, which raises its temperature of the main mash to the next rest. Repeat. Mash out. Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

DECOCTION MASH The decoction removed can be either “thick” or “thin” (relatively) 30-40% of mash 1 qt thick mash for each pound of grain In the decoction, the malt kernal is exploded by the boiling and allows more complete access to the starch for conversion Tannins are not a worry because of the low pH The enzymes are left in the main mash so they are not denatured on work on the returned “decoction” to create more complete saccharification Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

DECOCTION MASH Single, Double and Triple Decoctions Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

OTHER MASHES AND RELATED CONCEPTS DOUBLE MASH SOUR MASH PARTI GYLE Mini-Mash Viewed this way, the mash process is a continuation of the malting process

Brewhouse Efficiency Brewhouse efficiency equals the percentage of potential extract your brewhouse actually obtains from the ingredients My brewhouse efficiency is ~70% Professional Brewers strive for above 90% Extreme efficiency imparts astringent characteristics Ingredients like sugar, extract, honey and maple syrup have a 100% efficiency (in boil)

Don’t Stress There are specific questions on the BJCP exam that require knowledge of the mash, its processes and reactions, including the role of enzymes These questions are already available for you to use to focus what you need to know about the mash for the exam. Take practice questions and write out full answers – it will help a lot in getting a passing score!

BJCP EXAM QUESTIONS Troubleshooting T1. Describe and discuss the following beer characteristics. What causes them and how are they avoided and controlled? Are they ever appropriate and if so, in what beer styles? (three will be given). Address the following topics: 3 points: Describe each characteristic. 4 points: Identify the causes and controls for each characteristic.3 pointsIdentify appropriate/inappropriate styles. The choices will be drawn from: a) cloudiness b) buttery c) low head retention d) astringency e) phenolic f) light body g) fruitiness h) sourness i) cooked corn j) bitterness k) cardboard l) sherry-like m) acetaldehyde n) alcoholic 45 45

BJCP EXAM QUESTIONS Troubleshooting T2. Explain how the brewer gets the characteristics a) good head retention, b) clarity in a beer, and c) a proper diacetyl level for style in his/her beer. What causes them and how are they controlled. Are they ever not required and if so, in what beer styles. Address the following topics: 3 points: Describe each characteristic. 4 points: Identify the causes and controls for each characteristic. 3 points: Identify appropriate/inappropriate styles. 46 46

BJCP EXAM QUESTIONS Troubleshooting T3. What are body and mouthfeel? Explain how the brewer controls body and mouthfeel in his/her beer. Cover the following topics: 5 points: Describe each characteristic. 5 points: Identify the causes and controls for both. 47 47

BJCP EXAM QUESTIONS The Brewing Process T11. Describe and explain the role of diastatic and proteolytic enzymes in the brewing process and how they affect the characteristics of the finished beer. Address the following topics: 5 points: Describe what they are. 5 points: Describe how the affect the finished beer. 48 48

BJCP EXAM QUESTIONS The Brewing Process T13. Explain what happens during the mashing process, including times and temperatures as appropriate. Describe three different mashing techniques and the advantages and disadvantages of each. Address the following topics: 5 points: Describe the process. 3 points: Identify three techniques. 2 points: Identify advantages and disadvantages of each. 49 49

BJCP EXAM QUESTIONS The Brewing Process T14. Provide a complete ALL-GRAIN recipe for a “STYLE,”* listing ingredients and their quantities, procedure, and carbonation. Give volume, as well as original and final gravities. Explain how the recipe fits the style's characteristics for aroma, flavor, appearance, mouthfeel, and other significant aspects of the style. *Styles may include: Belgian Tripel Oktoberfest Classic American Pilsner Doppelbock American IPA Bohemian Pilsner Robust Porter Weizen German Pilsner Dry Stout English Pale Ale 50 50

Any Questions?