Classification of Industry Primary Industry; Extracting raw materials from the Earth or Sea. Examples; farming, forestry, fishing, mining Secondary industry; When raw materials are made into the finished products Examples; Car manufacture, Steel manufacture Tertiary Industry; Industries which provide a service to people Examples; Dentistry, Hospitals Quaternary Industry; Industries which provide information and expert help Examples; IT consultant, Researcher Heavy industry; industry which uses heavy raw materials and produces big and bulky products. They are usually tied to their raw materials because this is the cheapest location for them. Most of our heavy industries date back to the 19 th century, and are now in decline. They are often called ‘Smokestack’ or ‘Sunset’ industries’. Examples; iron and steel works, petrochemical industry, oil refining Light/ Footloose Industry; light weight raw materials often from other factories (components) are used. They produce small goods which are easy and light to transport, and have a high value for their weight. They are also known as mobile industries, and are growing in importance. They are ‘Sunrise Industries’. Examples; electronics industry, sweet manufacture

Industry as a system Feedback Physical; Site Raw materials Fuel supplies Human; Labour supply Transport Markets Government Policy Capital Within the factory; Processing of raw materials and/or assembly of goods Profit WASTE Example; Steel Manufacture Physical Inputs; Iron ore Coal Limestone Capital Human Inputs; Labour force Process; Making steel Making pig iron Outputs; Steel sheet Girders (+ waste)

Location Factors of Industry Location of industry Raw materials TransportLabourSiteEnvironment Government incentives Markets Power source Raw Materials; Some industries use large quantities of very heavy or bulky raw materials and so they must be close to them because they are difficult to transport. Transport; Communications are vitally important for both the factory and market and the goods and workers. Labour; Type of workforce required must be considered. Specialist skills or manual labour? Innovators form university, or assembly best done by women? Site; Size of land and cost of land are main requirements. Green or Brownfield site? Environment; Pleasant surroundings with good leisure facilities will attract good workforce. Government incentives; attempts by government to encourage industry in an area – this may mean free rent for a set period, buildings provided, grants – all often in enterprise zones. Markets; Accessible place to sell goods or services is required. Power source; Today, this is usually electricity, and now it is only a locating factor if large quantities of power re required, in an aluminium smelter for example.

Heavy industry: Chemical Industry on Merseyside Stanlow Oil Refinery Major motorways of M56, M62, M6, M53 allow for road transportation of finished product. Limestone transported by rail from Derbyshire. Towns are near enough to supply employees, but far enough to be away from polluting fumes. Large areas of flat marshland reclaimed from sea. Salt deposits from Cheshire 25km away are transported by pipeline as brine. Solid waste used as landfill Waste water can be returned to the Mersey Estuary Raw materials (nitirate potash oil) transported by bulk carrier – 100,000 tonnes. Products of a Chemical Industry; Detergent, PVC plastic, Paint

Footloose industry – What does it look like? Industrial Estate – Sefton Meadows Areas of land set aside for industry often with a mix of manufacturing, warehouses and small service companies. Found on edges of small towns and have been developed since the 1950s. Business Parks – Gemini Business Park An area of storage units and offices usually on edge of town for easy access. Often landscaped and have been developed since 1920s. Gemini includes a mix of printing works, offices and a computer company. Science Parks – Aztec West Science and Technology Park, Bristol Area for research, usually linked to a university. No manufacturing of goods happens here. Well laid out and landscaped. Buildings are very new, modern and attractive. Manufacturing develops in close proximity in order to use the expertise from the science park. Aztec West is located at M4/M5 junction on outskirts of Bristol. It is a greenfield site which reduces cost of land and development. Local expertise from firms such as British Aerospace and Rolls Royce existed already and nearby universities of Bristol and Bath can supply highly trained graduates and research support. Science Park AdvantagesScience Park Disadvantages Located near main road on edge of town for easy access Keep industry separated from other types of land use Firms benefit from being near to each other – supplying components or ideas to each other Environment is designed to be a pleasant place in which to work. High tech industries are very competitive and want to be on a site on their own to keep ideas a secret Traffic problems, especially at rush hour with people trying to get in or out of the estate Planning applications can be turned down because modern buildings may not fit with the general appearance of the area. Science parks are on edges of towns and so employees are a long way from shops and services of town centre. Three main areas for HiTech industry in the UK; Silicon Strip – M4 corridor westwards from London Silicon Glen – Centeral Scotland Silicon Fen – in and around Cambridge

The M4 Corridor M4 motorway is a fast and reliable road route to deliver components to factories and goods to markets. Firms use “just in time” methods to keep costs down, meaning factories order Components just a few days before they are needed, and therefore capital is not tied up in stockpiling in warehouses. Heathrow airport is close to the motorway so expensive products can be transported by air to anywhere in the world. Also, many hi-tech industry firms are TRANSITIONAL CORPORATIONS who have headquarters in other countries but whose employees need to fly regularly between branches of the organisation. Other motorways link with the M4 e.g. M5, M40, M25, M3 which provide links to other manufacturing and urban areas, like the Midlands, for easy access to components and to a large market for the selling of goods. Cheap land sites found along M4 corridor compared to London attracts Hi-Tech industries, because they can benefit from cheap land and easy access to London. M4 section West of Bristol into South Wales has been most attractive to corporations because the Welsh Development Agency has provided government grants for new firms opening in the area. This is because of decline in coal mining and steel making industries, which had created high unemployment, and there was a need to attract new jobs. Large government research labs like Harwell and Aldermaston are situated West of London to be near to Government ministries. They create new ideas for equipment so HiTech firms locate near to them so that they can design and make what the laboratories need. Nearby universities, Oxford, Bristol and Reading train very skilled people, and so firms set up near to them to attract their expertise. Often university researchers set up their own firms. The M4 corridor, or ‘sunrise valley’ attracts hi-tech industry. Why is this? Attractive environment such as the Cotswold countryside and the Chilterns make a pleasant place to live and will attract highly skilled workforce. Also close to large cultural centre of Oxford, London and Bristol. Also, expanding villages on the M4 corridor provide reliable employment.