ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston DNA Damage by Nanoparticles Thomas Prevenslik QED Radiation Berlin and Hong Kong 1

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston Introduction NPs offer significant technological advancements as antibacterial agents in food processing, reducing infections in burn treatment, sunscreen skin lotions, and treating cancer tumors. However, NPs have a darkside 2 Over the past few decades, experiments have shown NPs produce ROS of hydroxyl radicals that cause apoptosis/cell death and single and double strand breaks in the DNA. ROS = Reactive Oxidative Species

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston DNA and ROS Energies Direct DNA require at least photolysis at UV levels. The DNA ionization potential ~ 7.5 to 10 eV. Breaking SS and DS in dry DNA ~ above 7 eV. Indirect ROS cause SS and DS breaks by chemical reaction ~ 5.2 eV break H-OH. At least 5.2 eV required to produce ROS 3

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston Oxidative Stress Paradigm ROS are correlated with the surface area of <100 nm NPs Problem – Coarse PM > 300 nm enhance ROS Surface activity is the ROS mechanism. Problem – Surface energy << 5.2 eV cannot produce ROS 4

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston DNA Damage by EM Radiation Experiments over past 20 years show DNA damage by NPs that by conventional EM radiation beyond the UV. 5 mimics

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston Hypothesis NPs in body fluids produce EM radiation beyond the UV that generates the ROS 6

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston Proposal QED Radiation from NPs is the source of EM radiation QED = quantum electrodynamics 7

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston QED Radiation Classically, heat (EM energy) is conserved by an increase in temperature. But at the nanoscale, QM restricts the atom vanishing heat capacity so heat cannot be conserved by an increase in temperature. QM = quantum mechanics QED allows absorbed heat to be conserved at the by frequency up-conversion to the NP resonance followed by the emission of nonthermal EM radiation 8

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston QED Radiation From QM, QED creates photons of wavelength upon supplying EM energy to a QM box with walls separated by /2. 9 QM restricts the heat content of atoms depending on temperature and EM confinement given by the Einstein- Hopf relation for harmonic oscillator For a QM box comprising a spherical NP of diameter D and refractive index n r the equations may be written

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston Einstein-Hopf Relation 10 NPs eV Heat capacity vanishes

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston NPs produce QED Radiation Heat Capacity Vanishes No Temperature change EM Emission = 2Dn r Molecular Collisions NP 11

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston Purpose Show QED radiation:  has the energy > 5.2 eV to produce ROS in the oxidative stress paradigm,  the mechanism that allows the oxidative stress paradigm to be valid even in the presence of PM,  an alternative to signaling in cell-to-cell communication of traditional biology using data from : University of Bristol PNNL – Low Dose Radiation Laboratory 12

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston NPs and Biological Cells 13 UV NP

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston Collisional Power Collision Power 14

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston QED Radiation as ROS Source 15 Collision Power QED radiation > 5.2 eV to produce ROS

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston QED Radiation Explains increase in ROS by PM 16 PM increase ROS, but oxidative stress paradigm still valid. Problem is the NPs.

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston DNA Damage by Signaling Recently, University of Bristol claimed signaling as the mechanism by which damaged cells damage other cells at a distance Nature Nanotechnology, 5 November 2009 The Bristol claim is rebutted using QED Radiation “DNA damage by signaling” Expanded version of this presentation 17

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston Bristol Experiment CoCr Particles 30 nm – 2.9 microns Human Fibroblast Cells Micro-porous Membrane 0.4 micron BeWo Barrier 1 mm 18

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston Signaling Arguments Pro: Drugs that suppress cell-to-cell communication also reduce DNA damage Con: Cell-to-Cell communication has nothing to do with Co ions that pass through the filter and enter the fibroblast cells QED radiation produces Co ions by corroding CoCr Drugs are UV absorptive and reduce ROS, thereby reducing DNA damage by producing fewer Co ions. Resolved: Upon further study 19

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston PNNL Low Dose Program Cells were stained with pink and blue dye. Only cells stained with pink dye were hit by alpha particles. But blue cells are also damaged. Traditional Biological Explanation: Pink cells signal blue cells of damage Evidence for Signaling ? Or Pink cell fragments produce QED radiation that damages blue cells? PNNL – Low Dose Radiation Research Program 20

ASME NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology (NEMB), Feb , 2010 —Houston Questions & Papers