Country gallery Malaysia

Basic socio-demographic indicators, Total population (thousands)26,572 Surface area329,847 sq. km Annual population growth rate1.7 per cent Population aged (thousands)14,362 Percentage of women aged per cent Percentage of population in urban areas69 per cent Crude birth rate (births per 1,000 population)20.9 Under-5 mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)12 Human Development Index (HDI)–Rank/Value63/0.811 Life expectancy at birth72 Adult literacy rate91 GDP per capita (PPP, $US)10,882 Per capita total health expenditure (Int.$)454 (2005) Source: UN Population Division cited in WHO, UNAIDS and UNICEF, Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV and AIDS: Malaysia, July UNDP, Human Development Report, 2007/2008

HIV prevalence and epidemiological status

% of most-at-risk populations who are HIV infected, Source: UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Malaysia January 2006 to December 2007

HIV prevalence among IDUs, by state, 2002 Source: UNAIDS, Malaysia UNGASS Country Report, 2005  Drug use is associated with major cities with good socio- economic conditions, such as Pinang and Kuala Lumpur (WP).  Geographically, all high-risk areas are in the north and north- east, except for Kuala Lumpur, the capital.

Average HIV prevalence and level of sharing needles among both drug users and prisoners, Source: Ministry of Health, Malaysia and WHO. Consensus report on HIV and AIDS: Epidemiology in Malaysia. March 15, 2004

HIV prevalence among IDUs and non-IDU s by region, 1998 Source: Ministry of Health, Malaysia and WHO. Consensus report on HIV and AIDS: Epidemiology in 2004-Malaysia. March 15, 2004 Non-IDUs comprise of those who use any form of drug but do not inject drugs. The study was conducted among 1,942 drug users across Malaysia.

HIV prevalence among FSWs, 1996 Source: UNAIDS, Epidemiological Fact Sheets, 2006  This is the most recent data available

STI and HIV prevalence among FSWs, 2000 Source: Ministry of Health, Malaysia and WHO. Prevalence survey of sexually transmitted infections among sex workers and women attending antenatal clinics. Malaysia  This is the most recent data available

HIV prevalence among MSM, 1996 Source: UNAIDS, Epidemiological Fact Sheets, 2006  This is the most recent data available

HIV prevalence among migrant workers, Source: Malaysia_UNAIDS, UNGASS Coutntry Report, 2008 citing MoH, 2004

HIV prevalence among high-risk populations Source: UNAIDS, Malaysia UNGASS Country Report, 2005  This is the most recent data available

HIV prevalence among general population and high-risk groups Sources: 1. UNAIDS, Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Malaysia, 2005  This is the most recent data available  Malaysia is categorized as having a concentrated HIV epidemic. (UNGASS Country Report 2005)

HIV prevalence among pregnant women, by state, 2003 Source: UNAIDS, Epidemiological Fact Sheets, 2006 In Malaysia,  HIV testing is mandatory for women attending government antenatal facilities.  In 2005, 358,622 antenatal women were tested, only 0.04% (154) were found HIV+. However, estimated number of HIV+ pregnant women is 1400 in year  National HIV prevalence among antenatal women is less than 0.01%.

Projection of HIV prevalence among adult population in Malaysia, Source: Center for Multidisciplinary Studies on Health and Development, Inc. Current situation of HIV/AIDS in Malaysia. Presentation at the Economic impact of HIV/AIDS in Asia Pacific, October 2-8, 2005

HIV prevalence among young people (15-24), 2007 Source: Malaysia_UNAIDS, Epidemiological Fact Sheets, 2008 Update

Estimated number of drug users and injecting drug users in Malaysia, 2002 N.B: Numbers in ‘red’ are median estimates, whereas numbers in ‘black’ are upper and lower estimates. Drug users Injection drug users Source: MOH, WHO and University Utara Malaysia. Estimation of drug users and injecting drug users in Malaysia, 2003

Estimated number of people living with HIV, Source: 2008 Report on the global AIDS epidemic, UNAIDS/WHO, July 2008

Cumulative number of HIV cases, by age, 2003 Source: UNAIDS, Malaysia UNGASS Country Report, 2005

Source: UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Malaysia January 2006 to December 2007 Total number of HIV and AIDS cases, by sex,

Reported number of HIV cases, by age, 2003 HIV preys labor force Source: UNAIDS, Malaysia UNGASS Country Report, 2005

Reported number of HIV cases, by sex and year, Source: UNAIDS, Epidemiological Fact Sheets, 2006

Reported number HIV infections, by ethnicity, 2006 Source: UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Malaysia January 2006 to December 2007

Reported number of HIV cases, Source: Center for Multidisciplinary Studies on Health and Development, Inc. Current situation of HIV/AIDS in Malaysia. Presentation at the Economic impact of HIV/AIDS in Asia Pacific, October 2-8, 2005

% distribution of reported HIV infections, by ethnicity and mode of transmission, 2002 Source: Ministry of Health, Malaysia, 2003

% mode of transmission new HIV cases, 2005 Source: UNAIDS, Malaysia UNGASS Country Report, 2005

Vulnerability

% of most-at-risk populations with comprehensive knowledge, 2007 Comprehensive knowledge of HIV&AIDS: Percentage of people who both correctly identify ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV and who reject major misconceptions (UNGASS definition) The knowledge among FSWs and IDUs is very high. For other most-at- risk populations, no data available. Source: UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Malaysia January 2006 to December 2007

Risk behaviors

% of most-at-risk populations reporting consistent use of a condom during anal sex in the past 12 months, 2004 Source: UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Malaysia, 2005 UNGASS report 2005 quotes:  The data is based on Ministry of Health’s Behavioral Surveillance Survey (IDUs and FSWs).  49% of FSWs did not always use condoms  Consistent condom use among FSWs with non- paying was only 17.7%

% of IDUs who reported the use of a condom the last time they had sexual intercourse, 2004 Very low condom use among IDUs in Malaysia adding to the vulnerability of IDUs and their partners of catching HIV virus Source: UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Malaysia January 2006 to December 2007

% of IDUs who always shared needles, 2004 Source: UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Malaysia, UNGASS report quotes:  The data is based on Ministry of Health’s Behavioral Surveillance Survey (IDUs and FSWs).

% of IDUs who reported using sterile injecting equipment the last time they injected, 2004 Source: UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Malaysia January 2006 to December 2007

% of all sex workers reporting the use of a condom with their most recent client, 2004 Source: UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Malaysia January 2006 to December 2007

% of population yrs who had unprotected sex with casual or commercial partners in the past 12 months, 2002 Source: UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Malaysia, 2005 The data is based on a nation-wide survey in Malaysia as part of WHO’s World Health Survey It was conducted by the Institute for Health Systems Research. This survey covered 6,083 respondents aged yrs.

% of population yrs reporting the use of a condom the last time they had sex with casual or commercial partners, 2002 Source: UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Malaysia, 2005 The data is based on a nation-wide survey in Malaysia as part of WHO’s World Health Survey It was conducted by the Institute for Health Systems Research. This survey covered 6,083 respondents aged yrs.

National response

% of most-at-risk populations that have received an HIV test in the past 12 months and who know their results, % of 21,497 IDUs and MSM received an HIV test in the past 12 months and also know their results  For sex workers no data was available Source: UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Malaysia January 2006 to December 2007

% of most-at-risk population reached by prevention programs, 2007 Source: UNAIDS_Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, 2006

% of pregnant women counseled and tested for HIV, Source: 1. UNICEF_PMTCT Report Card, Malaysia_UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report, WHO_UNAIDS_UNICEF_Towards Universal Access – Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector, 2008

Number of HIV+ pregnant women who are in need and who are receiving ART to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, 2007 Source: WHO_UNAIDS_UNICEF_Towards Universal Access – Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector, 2008

% of HIV+ pregnant women who receive ART to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission, Sources: 1. UNAIDS, Epidemiological Fact Sheets, UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Indonesia January 2006 to December WHO_UNAIDS_UNICEF_Towards Universal Access – Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector, 2008 In 2007, 9-24% HIV+ pregnant women received ART to prevent MTCT of HIV. In , 100% (328) HIV+ pregnant women were receiving ART Therapy. (National PMTCT Program)

Number of adults and children with advanced HIV infection who are in need and who are receiving ART, 2007 Source: WHO_UNAIDS_UNICEF_Towards Universal Access – Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector, 2008 In 2007, 35% of adults and children with advance HIV infection were receiving ART.

% of adults and children with advanced HIV infection receiving antiretroviral therapy, Sources: 1. UNAIDS, Epidemiological Fact Sheets, UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Indonesia January 2006 to December 2007 citing National AIDS Registry 3. WHO_UNAIDS_UNICEF_Towards Universal Access – Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector, 2008

% of adults who received an HIV test in the past 12 months and who know their results, % of 530,789 adults received an HIV test in the past 12 months and also know their results Source: UNAIDS, UNGASS Country Report Malaysia January 2006 to December 2007 citing Program Monitoring as primary source of data.

Socio-economic impact

% of budget allocation for HIV/AIDS programs, by sectors, Source: Center for Multidisciplinary Studies on Health and Development, Inc. Current situation of HIV/AIDS in Malaysia. Presentation at the Economic impact of HIV/AIDS in Asia Pacific, October 2-8, 2005

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