Building an Islamic state The Iranian Revolution and its aftermath Muslim clergy and soldiers clasp hands in friendship atop an armored personnel carrier. Printed in Time magazine, January 29, 1979 From:

A cartoon believed to have been published around January, 1980, depicting post-revolution chaos. The artist is unknown. Posted on the Iranian newsgroup soc.culture.iranian

This and the map on the following slide from the Univ. of Texas map collection,

Iran Prior to Revolution: A very hasty comparative overview Pre-20 th century state: Safavid and Qajar empires Qajar rule: decentralized, diffuse Imperialism/Colonialism British and Russian spheres of influence Early authoritarian state- building Pahlavi rule, Reza Shah, Muhammad Reza Shah, A wall in Tehran, 1978 : "Kings are the disgrace of history; you are the most disgraceful king. Death to Imperialism." From:

State-building under Reza Shah: brief notes Secularism New civil code (1928) Secular judicial system Centralization Creation of police force, civil service Cosmetic “westernization” Hat law (1935) Veil banned (1936) Nationalism From “Persia” to “Iran” New state school curricula Turkey & Iran compared: the early period Institutions of government Occupation

State consolidation: Muhammad Reza Shah Entrenching the monarchy 1953 coup against Mosaddeq Creation of internal security organization, SAVAK Tight political control US aid & oil revenue patronage The “White Revolution” Large-scale industrial development, literacy, education, land reform After 1975, one-party state Harsh police rule, systematic torture Forced “westernization” Devaluation of the Ulama & Islam

1979 Iranian Revolution: Why Rising popular opposition Authoritarianism Economic woes Urban middle class suffering Shah’s reliance on foreign experts Cracks in the regime US & NGO pressure Moderate reforms Crises Economic recession protest & suppression “The Shah had a lot of sympathy for the poor.” Cartoon by Iraj Zare; re-printed in Hassan Javadi's Satire in Persian Literature.

Left, Muhammad Reza Shah in London, as covered by a Belgian tabloid. Right, Muhammad Reza with his son. Photos:

1979 Iranian Revolution: Three visions, and then two (and then one) Representatives of three different and conflicting visions of the new Iran. Left, secular reformer Bani- Sadr; middle, constitutional liberal Mehdi Bazargan, who originally proposed retaining the Shah under a constitutional monarchy, and later, the first prime minister of the new Iranian republic; and right, Ayatollah Khomeini. Photo courtesy of Nikki Keddie, from Bill Cleveland, A History of the Modern Middle East, p. 424.

After the Shah: competing visions 1st (early Revolution) Vision Moderate Constitutional Monarchy (Mehdi Bazargan, the Freedom Movement & Ali Shari’ati) 2nd Vision Secular Republic -- respecting but not controlled by Shi’ism 3rd Vision : Theocracy-government of Ulama

Iranian Revolution: Who Bazaari merchants Moderate, politicized Ulama Radical Ulama A. Khomeini Secular Urban Intellectuals Secular students Theological students Urban workers Oil workers on strike, 1978.

Photos of the Ayatolloh Khomeini, from Ayatollah Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, Exiled, Velayet-e Faqih (Guardianship of the jurisprudent)

Ayatollah Khomeini in the Paris suburb of Neauphle le Chateau, late Photo by Hatami "Anti-government demonstrators in Tehran set fire to portraits of the Shah and his family." From the November 20, 1978, issue of Time magazine

1979 Iranian Revolution: How Early days of protest & suppression pamphlets,cassettes demonstrations Violent suppression & continued resistance Growing confrontation Sept “Black Friday” in Tehran: wave of protests and violent suppression Strikes, paralysis of Iranian economy, huge demonstrations, defections in the army Jan M. Reza Shah flees the country Feb. 1: A. Khomeini returns to Iran Main headline: "2,500-year-old despotic monarchy collapses. Cities liberated by the revolutionary army." Kayhan newspaper, February 11, 1979

The chaos after the revolution: the first new Islamic-Iranian state Presidency & Prime Ministry Council of Guardians Issued laws, decrees, veto power over PM Local committees Revolutionary Guards Revolutionary Tribunals Khomeini Monarchy replaced by new Islamic republic (March 1979): But what was an “Islamic Republic?” Armed Forces Who exactly should rule, and how?? Various political parties

Newsweek, February 26, 1979 Foreign crises * US hostage crisis, Nov * Iran-Iraq War,

Internal purges Former SAVAK chief and three colleagues lie dead after their execution. Photos:

After the Revolution (or, the 2 nd revolution): The second Islamic-Iranian state