19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. ATB Day Sit with your testing group.

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 2 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Re-evaluating your goal: Calculate your average test score (we’ve taken 8 tests) and improve by 2. Day

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1. Unit 8 Test = ___% 2. I studied by … 3. Next time I will study by… 4. My goal for next time (if you made your goal improve by 1, if not goal stays the same) = Day

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 4 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. I.Acid-Base Theories: A. Arrhenius Acids and Bases:  Arrhenius acid = an acid that gives hydrogen ions monoprotic acid = an acid containing one ionizable hydrogen, example = HCl diprotic acid = an acid containing two ionizable hydrogens, example = H 2 SO 4

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. I.Acid-Base Theories: A. Arrhenius Acids and Bases: triprotic acid = an acid containing three ionizable hydrogens, example = H 3 PO 4 *** A hydrogen atom is only ionizable if it is bonded to a very electronegative element, otherwise it will not be released in solution.

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. I.Acid-Base Theories: A. Arrhenius Acids and Bases: Question: How many of the hydrogen atoms in acetic acid are ionizable? H—C—C—O—H H H O only 1

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 7 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. I.Acid-Base Theories: A. Arrhenius Acids and Bases:  Arrhenius base = a base that gives hydroxide ions

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 8 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. I.Acid-Base Theories: A. Arrhenius Acids and Bases: Properties of Acids and Bases AcidBase Taste pH range Color change with universal indicator

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 9 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. I.Acid-Base Theories: B. Bronsted-Lowry acids and Bases (a broader definition):  Bronsted-Lowry acid = hydrogen ion donor  Bronsted-Lowry base = hydrogen ion acceptor – broader definition than an Arrhenius base Example: NH 3(aq) + H 2 O (l) NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq) baseacid

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 10 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. I.Acid-Base Theories: B. Bronsted-Lowry acids and Bases (a broader definition):  Conjugate Acids and Bases: Example: NH 3(aq) + H 2 O (l) NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq) - consider the reverse reaction of ammonium and hydroxide ion, which substance is the acid? ______ which is the base? _____ … so NH 4 + is called a _______________ and OH - is called a ________________ NH 4 + OH - conjugate acid conjugate base

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 11 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. I.Acid-Base Theories: B. Bronsted-Lowry acids and Bases (a broader definition):  Conjugate Acids and Bases: Example: NH 3(aq) + H 2 O (l) NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq) - A conjugate acid-base pair is made up of the acid in the reactants and its corresponding conjugate base in the products OR the base and its corresponding conjugate acid in the products – consists of two ions or molecules related by the loss or gain of one hydrogen ion

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 12 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Assignment Read section 19.1 AND complete #s 1-8 on page 652. due Monday 4-22 for pd 1 due Tuesday 4-23 for pd 3

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 13 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. ATB Day Additional Example (in notes): HCl (g) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + Cl - (aq) acid = ___________ base = ___________ conjugate acid = ___________ conjugate base = ___________

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 14 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Review Difference between an Arrhenius base and a Bronsted-Lowry base = ???

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 15 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Notes  Amphoteric substances = substances that can act as either an acid or a base depending on the other substance

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 16 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. I.Acid-Base Theories: C. Lewis Acids and Bases:  Lewis acid = an electron pair acceptor  Lewis base = an electron pair donor Example: NH 3(aq) + H 2 O (l) NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq)

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 17 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. II. Hydrogen Ions and Acidity: A. Hydrogen Ions:  self-ionization = the rxn in which water molecules produce ions H 2 O (l)  H + (aq) + OH - (aq) note: H + (aq) = H 3 O + - the ionization of water is reversible and Le Chatelier’s principle applies

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 18 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. II. Hydrogen Ions and Acidity: A. Hydrogen Ions: - the product of the hydrogen-ion concentration and the hydroxide-ion concentration = 1.0 * 10 25°C = ion- product constant for water = K w K w = [H + ] * [OH - ] = 1.0 *

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 19 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. II. Hydrogen Ions and Acidity: A. Hydrogen Ions:  acidic solution = a solution in which the [H + ] is greater than the [OH - ] … [H + ] > 1.0 * M  basic solution (alkaline solution) = a solution in which the [H + ] is less than the [OH - ] … [H + ] < 1.0 * M

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 20 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. II. Hydrogen Ions and Acidity: A. Hydrogen Ions: Example problem: If the [H + ] in a solution is 1.0 * M, is the solution acidic, basic, or neutral? What is the [OH - ] of this solution?

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 21 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. II. Hydrogen Ions and Acidity: B. pH:  pH = more practical measure of hydrogen-ion concentration, pH = -log[H + ] - in pure water [H + ] = 1*10 -7 M and the pH is 7. - Review table 19.5 on page 656.

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 22 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. II. Hydrogen Ions and Acidity: B. pH: Example problem: What is the pH of a solution with a hydrogen-ion concentration of 4.2 * M?

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 23 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Assignment Read section 19.1 AND complete #s 1-8 on page 652. due Monday 4-22 for pd 1 due Tuesday 4-23 for pd 3

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 24 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Assignment Read section 19.1 AND complete #s 1-8 on page 652. due Monday 4-22 for pd 1 due Tuesday 4-23 for pd 3

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 25 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. HCl (aq) + NH 3(aq)  NH 4 + (aq) + Cl - (aq) Day pd 3 Day pd 4  Arrhenius acid = _______ base = _______  Bronsted-Lowry acid = _______ base = _______  Lewis acid = _______ base = _______  Conjugate acid-base pairs __________________

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 26 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.Soap is a familiar material that has the following properties. - bitter taste - slippery feel Based on these properties, and according to _________, you would expect soap to give ____ ions in solution. Day ArrheniusOH -

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 27 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. II. Hydrogen Ions and Acidity (notes page 3): B. pH: pH = -log[H + ] Example problem: The pH of an unknown solution is What is the hydrogen-ion concentration? 10 -pH = [H + ]

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 28 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. II. Hydrogen Ions and Acidity (notes page 4): B. pH: Example problem: What is the pH of a solution if [OH - ] = 4.0 * M?

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 29 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. ASSIGNMENT Review section 19.2 and complete #s 18-24

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 30 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. HCl (g) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + Cl - (aq) acid = ___________ base = ___________ conjugate acid = ___________ conjugate base = ___________

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 31 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.  Lewis acid = _________________  Lewis base = _________________ NH 3(aq) + H 2 O (l) NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq)

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 32 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Define acid in your own words. Day  Arrhenius acid = an acid that gives hydrogen ions  Bronsted-Lowry acid = hydrogen ion donor  Lewis acid = an acid that accepts a pair of electrons

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 33 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. POE Example: What do you know about combustion reactions?

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 34 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. POE Example: Isopropanol C 3 H 7 OH = ??? Rubbing alcohol Simple alcohols are hydrocarbons with an OH group.

19.1 Acid-Base Theories> 35 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. POE WHOOSH Bottle Demo P – predictO – observeE – explain Whoosh Bottle_________________ __________________ _________________