Strong acids are towards 0, weak acids are closer to 7. Strong bases are towards 14, weak bases are closer to 7.

Acids and Bases Arrhenius Acids and Bases vIf a compound releases a H + ion when it dissociates it is an acid vIf a compound releases an OH - ion when it dissociates, it is a base HCl H + + Cl - KOH K + + OH -

Ammonia (NH 3 ) is a base, but it does not release OH - ions when it dissociates in the same manner as other bases. Instead it takes a H + from water. NH 3 + H 2 O NH OH -

Acids - donate hydrogen ions Bases - accept hydrogen ions NH 3 + H 2 O NH OH - Base Acid

NH 3 + H 2 O NH OH - In solutions, many reactions can go both ways. Reaction goes to the right Reaction goes to the left

NH 3 + H 2 O NH OH - When you look at the reaction from left to right, NH 3 is a base because it is accepting a hydrogen, and H 2 O is an acid because it is donating a hydrogen.

NH 3 + H 2 O NH OH - Reading the reaction from right to left, NH 4 + is an acid because it is donating a hydrogen and OH - is a base because it is accepting a hydrogen. These are conjugate acid - base pairs.

Identify the acid/base pairs H 3 PO 4 + NO 2 - HNO 2 + H 2 PO 4 - CN - + HCO 3 - HCN + CO 3 -2 HCN + SO 3 -2 HSO CN - H 2 O + HF F - + H 3 O+

Acids - Good conductors, taste sour, turn blue litmus red, phenolphthalien clear, pH Bases - Good Conductors, slippery, turns red litmus blue, phenolphthalien pink, pH Salts - Good conductors, neutral Why are they all good conductors?????

Acids begin with H+ Binary Change the H to hydro Change the anion to an –ic endings

Polyatomics No hydro Change –ate ending to –ic Change –ite ending to - ous

HCl HNO 3 HNO 2 HBr

pH is a measure of the concentration of the H + ion. pH = -log [H + ] For example a solution with a H + concentration of 1 x M would have the following pH. pH = -log [1 x ] pH = 12

What makes some acids and bases stronger than others? HCl is a strong acid because it dissociates 100%, how strong an acid or base is, is determined by the dissociation constant of that chemical. CH 3 COOH + H 2 O CH 3 COO - + H 3 O + K a = [CH 3 COO - ] [H 3 O + ] [CH3COOH]

The higher the dissociation constant, the stronger the acid or base. Weak acids and bases always have a K a for acid, K b for base. Strong acids and bases do not because they dissociate 100%

Background information for titrations - page 626 What is a neutralization reaction? What is a titration? What materials are used in a titration and what are they used for? Draw a picture of the set up for a titration. What is the equivalence point? Is the pH really neutralized in this process? Why does the type of indicator used matter?