Bulgarians in Spain according to 2011 census Facing the unemployment: resilience strategies of economic migrants in Spain Mikolaj Stanek Centre of Social Studies, University of Coimbra Spanish National Research Centre CSIC, Madrid Conference on international migration Sofia, 14th February 2014

My objective is twofold. (1) Present some data on Bulgarian migration and migrants – taking advantage of recently released Spanish Census 2011 micro-data (last week) (2) Describe labour-market situation of migrants in Spain in the most recent years ( ) focusing on resilience strategies to deal with the crisis on individual and household level. he scale and nature of this new Southern European emigration and its socio-eco nomic integration in Northern European destination countries.

Some basic data on Bulgarians in Spain according to the Spanish Census

Principal countries of origin – Census 2011 Source: National Statistical Office. Census 2011 MOROCCO ,7% ROMANIA ,2% ECUADOR ,3% COLOMBIA ,7% UNITED KINGDOM ,2% ARGENTINA ,0% FRANCE ,5% GERMANY ,5% BOLIVIA ,3% PERU ,3% VENEZUELA ,5% BULGARIA ,2% DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ,1% CUBA ,9% BRASIL ,8% OTHER COUNTRIES ,7% TOTAL ,0%

Evolution of 4 main origin countries and BL Source: National Statistics Institute. Municipal Register

Considerable differences between Census 2011 and Municipal Register 2011 Bulgarians Census 2011= Register 2011=

Distribution by age Source: National Statistical Office. Census 2011 Avrage age: 35 (14,281)Avrage age: 31 (12,916)Avrage age: 53 (18,953)Avrage age: 35 (16,156) Avrage age: 31 (13,551)Avrage age: 35 (16,346)

Avarage=27 (13,838) Age at migration: Morocco and Bulgaria Avarage=22 (13,173)

Avarage=41 (20,693) ) Avarage=23 (12,977) Age at migration: UK and Ecuador

Age at migration: Romania Avarage=25 (12,455) )

Age at migration: total foreign born Avarage=25 (15,633) Source: National Statistical Office. Census 2011 Avarage=29 (18,275)

Distribution by educational level Source: National Statistical Office. Census 2011

Activity rates Source: National Statistical Office. Census 2011

Unemployment rates Source: National Statistical Office. Census 2011

Main economic activity sectors - Bulgarians Source: National Statistical Office. Census 2011 TotalMenWomen Agriculture12,6%14,0%11,0% Industry10,3%12,2%7,4% Construction15,2%27,3%1,9% Commerce and trade8,8%5,0%9,9% Hospitality services15,2%7,8%24,1% Domestic service13,1%3,8%24,3% Transport10,0%16,4%2,2% Other services14,2%13,5%19,3%

Resilience strategies in the context of economic crisis in Spain

Real GDP growth rate total Spain

Evolution of unemployment rate by origin Source: National Statistical Office. Labour Force Survey

Unemployment by sex Source: National Statistical Office. Labour Force Survey

Outflows and inflows of the foreign-born population in Spain Source: National Statistics Institute. Residential Variation Statistics

Explorative analysis (still preliminary stage) Research questions:  Are there significant changes in behaviour regarding the access to the labour market during the economic crisis?  Are there any differences between natives and non-EU migrants?

Added worker effect Relative increment in the women’s labour force participation by their partners labour force status (2007 and 2012 compared) Source: National Statistical Office. Labour Force Survey 2007 & 2012

Procentage of self-employed in total occupied population Source: National Statistical Office. Labour Force Survey

Participation in education Source: National Statistical Office. Labour Force Survey Occupied Unemployed

Some conclusions Longitudinal analysis of data shows that broadly understood Spanish society has undertaken several strategies in order to cope with the economic hardships. However there are clear differences between migrants and natives. In several aspects migrants are more active in searching solution or alternatives for unemployment compared to Spaniards. On the other hand, at least in case of human capital investment and added worker effect migrants seem to undertake more reactive strategies while Spaniard are more proactive. This may be related to the differences in availablity of economic and social resources.

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