Institute of Professional Studies School of Research and Graduate Studies Referencing Lecture Five(5)

Outline of Presentation  What is Referencing  Reasons for Referencing  Plagiarism  Parts of Referencing  Referencing Styles  APA referencing in detail  In-text referencing and  References list 2

What is Referencing? Referencing is a way of showing what sources you have used for your study, giving credit to the original authors. 3

Why do we do Referencing? To avoid plagiarism by giving credit to the original source of an idea, piece of information or resource. To support your work with the authoritative work of another author. To demonstrate your knowledge and familiarity with a topic that you have researched. To help readers of your work to find the original source of information or ideas that you have used. 4

Plagiarism and How to avoid it Plagiarism is presenting the words or ideas of someone else as your own without giving credit to the original author. To avoid plagiarism Learn good note-taking techniques Paraphrase appropriately Summarise correctly and efficiently Use direct quotations appropriately Use 'common knowledge' Organise your sources Reference your sources correctly 5

Parts of Referencing Referencing is in two parts: 1. The in-text referencing which is normally done in the text and 2. List of references which is normally at the end of the report. There are two ways of listing the references a. List of references: This refers to sources of materials cited in the text. Any material used for the preparation of the report but was not cited in the text cannot be part of the list of references b. Bibliography: This refers to all sources of informational materials used for the presentation of the report whether cited in the text or not. 6

Referencing Styles There are many different referencing styles. Each style includes the same basic information, but organizes it slightly differently. Some of the known formats/styles are: 1. American Psychology Association (APA) 2. Modern Language Association (MLA) 3. Harvard 7

APA Referencing Style APA stands for American Psychological Association. Basically, the APA reference style uses the Author-Date format. It is used by psychologist, sociologist and other social scientist. The complete format can be found in the publication manual of the American Psychological Association. The APA format requires short notes, or citations, put in parenthesis with the text instead of footnotes or endnotes 8

In-text Referencing: Indirect Quotation Identify source material that you are paraphrasing by citation of the author’s last name and the publication date, either in your sentence or in parenthesis. You do not have to cite page number(s) for paraphrases. 1. If you mention the author’s name and the publication date in your sentence, you will not need any additional citation. Example: In 1983 study, Deborah Mayo began to question the scientific validity of experience involving laboratory animals. 2. If you mention the author’s last name in your sentence, place the date of publication in parentheses right after the name. Example: Mayo (1983) questioned the scientific validity of experiments involving laboratory animals 9

In-text Referencing: Indirect Quotation Cont’d 3. If you do not mention the author’s name or the publication date in your sentence, put both parentheses with comma between them 4. If you cite two works by one author published in the same year, distinguish them by placing an (a) and a (b) after the date within the parenthesis 5. If you cite authors with the same last name, use their first and middle initials within the parentheses 6. If a work has two authors, combine the names with “and” in your sentence. Use an ampersand “&” instead of “and” in a parenthetical citation. 10

In-text Referencing: Indirect Quotation Cont’d 7. If a work has no author, cite it by the first tow or three words of the article, starting with the first important word and placing these two words or three words in quotation marks 8. If you use a quotation from an indirect source, precede the source information in the parenthetical citation with the words “as cited in”. In the reference list include an entry only for the secondary source 9. If you cite two or more works by different authors in one parenthetical citation, give the work in alphabetical order and separate them with semicolons (;) 10. If you cite a personal communication, such as a letter, an or a telephone conversation, you need not include a reference list entry. Cite the communication, giving initial as well as the last name of your source and the exact date 11

In-text Referencing: Indirect Quotation Cont’d If a work has more than two to five authors, cite all of them in your sentence or parenthetical citation in the first instance and in all other subsequent references use the last name of the first author followed by “et al.” If a work had six or more authors, use et al. after the first authors last name in all references in the text 12

In-text Referencing : Direct Quotation Direct quotation – use quotation marks around the quote and include page numbers Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that "language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (p.188). Alternatively, “Language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.188). 13

In-text Referencing : Direct Quotation Cont’d Shorter quotations (fewer than 40 words) should be incorporated within your paragraph with quotation marks: they should not be indented separately but should have page numbers preceded by p. or pp. Longer quotation (over 40 words) should be block-indented five spaces from the left margin and typed without quotation marks 14

Reference list 1.Book with one author King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand: Viking. N.B. The first letter of the first word of the main title, subtitle and all proper nouns have capital letters. 2.Book with two to five authors Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson. N.B. Use & between authors’ names, except when paraphrasing in text. 15

Reference List Cont’d 3. Edited Book: use (Ed.). Before the date. e.g. DeGenova, M.K. (Ed.). (1997). Families in cultural context: Strength and challenges in diversity. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield 4. Translated book: show when the original work was published. e.g. Veyne, P. (Ed.). (1987). A history of private life: vol. 1 from pagan Rome to Byzantium (A. Goldhammer, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original Work Published 1985) 5. Edition other than the first: place the edition number in parenthesis after the title; for a revised edition, use Rev. ed. e.g. Bennett, L., Jr.(1984). Before the Mayflower: A history of Black America (5 th ed.). Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. 16

Reference list Cont’d 6. Books by a corporate Author or Group: e.g. U.S Bureau of the Census. (1999). Statistical abstract of the United states, 1999 (11 th ed.) Washington, DC: Government Printing Office 7. Books without an author or editor: e.g. The control of the campus: a report on the governance of higher education. (1982). Lawrenceville, NJ: Princeton University Press 8. Multivolume work: e.g. The entire set: Neather, C.A., & Richardson, G.F. (1930). A course in English for engineers (vols. 1-2). Boston:Ginn. One volume: Battle, K.P. (1912). History of the university of North Carolina: vol. 2. Raleigh, NC: Edwards and Broughton. If the volume has it own title, include it after the volume number. 17

Reference list Cont’d 9. Republished or Reprinted Book: e.g. Garcia Marquez, G. (1990). The general in his labyrinth. (E. Grossman, Trans.). New York: Knopf. (Original Work Published 1989) [Use both years in the parenthetical citation in the text: (Garcia Marquez, 1989/1990).] 10. Essay or Article in a Book: e.g. Wilkinson, D. (1997). American families of African descent. In M.K. DeGenova (Ed.), families in cultural context (pp ). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield. The selection title is written without quotation marks and with lower-case letters (except for the first letter of the title, of proper names and of a subtitle after a colon). The book title is in the same lowercase format but is italicized. Place the page numbers for the complete title. 18

Reference list Cont’d Citing from Reports, Documents and Dissertation Government documents, research report, monograph U.S Census Bureau. (1999, September). Money income in the united states. Current population reports (p60-206).Washington, DC: author. Kreshner, L., Addams, B., & Winestein, C. (2001). Use of manipulatives in teaching mathematics in grades four through six (Report No. 6). New Orleans: state Mathematics Service A report or document number, if there is one should appear in parentheses immediately after the number. 19

Reference list Cont’d Dissertation Fredericks, C. (1999). HIV testers and non-testers at a university students health centre: A study of college students sexual risk taking (Doctorial dissertation, University of South California, 1999) Dissertation Abstracts International, 60 (02A),

Reference list Cont’d Articles in a scholarly journal paginated by year or volume The entire year’s issues are paginated as a unit Battaglia, D. M., Datteri, D., & Lord, C. (1998). Breaking up is (relatively) easy to do: A script for the dissolution of close relationships. Journal of social and personal Relationships, 15, Do not italicise the title of the article, and do not capitalize it (except for the first word, proper names and the first word after a colon. Capitalise and italicise the title of the journal. Underline the volume number. It is followed by a comma and the complete page numbers of the article. 21

Reference list Cont’d Article in a scholarly journal paginated by issue Each issue begins with page 1. Blanton, J.S. (2000). Why consultants don’t apply psychological research. Consulting psychological journal: practice and research, 52 (4), Underline the volume number. It is followed by the issue number in parentheses (not underline), a comma, and the complete page numbers of the articles. 22

Reference list Cont’d Internet Article Based on a Print Source O’Barr, W., & Conley, J. (2000). When cultures collide: Social security and the Market [electronic version]. Journal of psychology and Financial Market, 1, Article in an Internet-only Journal Wagner, L. (2001). Virtual Advertising: Delivering Student services. Online journal of Distance Learning Administration, 4(3). Retrieved June 1, 2002, from World Wide Web Site International Society for Mental Health Online. (n.d.). Children and trauma: Reflections on the World Trade Centre disaster. Retrieved October 15, 2001, from 23

Thank You 24