Chapter 21 Section 1-2 CIVIL RIGHTS 1950’S-60’S

 Plessy v. Ferguson 1896  Separate but equal did not violate 14 th ammendment  Jim Crow Laws = Separating the races  “Whites Only” “Colored Water” -All black neighborhoods -forbade interracial marriage -everything separate  Job Competition  WWII = New opportunities / Armed forces SEGREGATION

 NAACP = led desegregation campaign  Thurgood Marshall = law student  Dedicated his life to fighting racism  Schools  29 / 32 cases won  Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka  8 year old Linda Brown was denied entry to an all white school right next to her house.  Supreme court said Segregation is unconstitutional  And it violated 14 th ammendment  Chief Justice Earl Warren COURTS

 “The people of Georgia will not comply with the decision of the court……”  1955  Brown II = School desegregation implemented  immediately  Arkansas :”Little Rock Nine” 1957  Governor = Orval Faubus for segregation  he ordered National guard to keep them out  NAACP  Central High School   REACTION

 Eisenhower has to react  National Guard under federal control  Sent there and attended class with  them  Central High Closes  1957  Civil Rights Act  Gave Attorney General more power over school desegregation  Federal government jurisdiction over violation of voting rights for African Americans CONT.

 December 1955  Rosa Parks  Seamstress  Rode bus every day  NAACP Officer  Took a seat in the front row  “colored section”  Bus filled = Refused to move  Arrested  h?v=7ZhSNiTQuqo h?v=7ZhSNiTQuqo  Bus Boycott  Montgomery, Alabama  381 days  Martin Luther King Jr.  Lead the group  26  Birth of power of MLK  1956  Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT

 EMMETT TILL

 Non-violent resistance = “Soul Force”  Civil Disobedience = Refusal to obey an unjust law  Massive demonstrations  Southern Christian Leadership Conference = SCLC  Carry out nonviolent crusades  Protests / Demonstrations  Churches as base  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee = SNCC  National Protest Group  Shaw University  Raleigh N.C. MLK JR. MOVEMENT

 Congress of Racial Equality = CORE  Sit-ins  Sat at segregated lunch counters  Refused to leave  Greensboro N.C. = Woolworths  TV  Beating, jeering, pouring food over students  Refused to strike back  DEMONSTRATIONS

 1961  Alabama  White racists Attacked buses, smashed windows, fire bombs  Kennedy = 400 U.S. marshals sent to protect the riders  Banned segregation in all interstate travel facilities FREEDOM RIDERS

 September 1962  University of Mississippi  All White  James Meredith African American won a court case that allowed him to enroll  Governor James Barnett  Refused to let him register  “We will never surrender  Kennedy  Orders marshals to escort him to register  Campus riots  2 deaths  Thousands of soldiers  200 arrests  15 hours  In the end he kept attending OLE MISS

 1963  Birmingham  Most segregated city  Demonstrations  May 2  African-American children marched  959 arrested  May 3  2 nd Children’s crusade  Fire hoses  Attack dogs  Clubs  TV   Finally ended segregation ALABAMA

 1963  Kennedy outraged  Sends troops  Governor George Wallace  Forced to desegregate University of Alabama  Civil Rights Bill  Equal access to all public accommodations  Attorney General  Power to file school desegregation suits KENNEDY TAKES A STAND

 August 28, 1963  250,000+ people  75,000 whites  Washington Monument to Lincoln Memorial  Martin Luther King Jr.  “I Have a Dream”  MARCH TO WASHINGTON

 Freedom Summer  College Students  Non-violent Resistance  Register Voters  KKK = murders, destruction of homes / businesses  Selma Campaign  Protests – to Montgomery  600+  Police  Whips, clubs, tear gas  Johnson sends Congress a bill immediately  Voting Rights Act 1965  Eliminated literacy tests  Federal examiners could enroll those who were denied VOTING