AP Psych DMA 1. Who was Hilgard? What did he/she study? Don’t forget to write the question & to leave room for your answer.

DMA Chapter 7 Hypnosis Drugs Today’s Agenda Homework: DMAs are due Friday FRQ # 1 & 2 due Thursday, Oct. 6 th Chapter 7 notes – due Tuesday, Oct. 11 th Chapter 7 test – Tuesday, Oct. 11 th Chapter 7 test review session – Monday, Oct. 10 th, 7:00 AM, Wheeler’s room

Hypnosis  Hypnosis  An interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur  Clip Clip  Posthypnotic Amnesia  supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis  induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

Hypnosis  Unhypnotized people can also do this

Hypnosis  Orne & Evans (1965)  control group instructed to “pretend”  unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones  Posthypnotic Suggestion  suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized  used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Acting as if you are Hypnotized N. P. Spanos

Hildegard – Dissociation Theory Hildegard’s ice water experiment ◦ Subjects under hypnosis exhibited ability to withstand the pain of the icy water longer than those not under. Hildegard’s contention ◦ A part of the person’s consciousness experiences the pain, but this part is hidden from awareness by what he called “amnesic barrier”

More Hildegard More Hildegard Spanos’ issue with Hildegard: Subjects used for this research were chosen based on their high susceptibility to hypnosis. In other words they… ◦ “have a strong investment in presenting themselves in the experimental setting as good hypnotic subjects.” ◦ Therefore they know that a waking state is being compared to a hypnotic state and want to demonstrate the effectiveness of hypnosis

Spanos' view Hypnosis is an increased state of motivation to perform certain behaviors ◦ and is not an altered state of consciousness Spanos contended that hypnotized subjects are actually engaging in voluntary behavior designed to produce a desired consequence.

Spanos ran his own experiment: Half the subjects were told they’d be tested using hypnosis. ◦ Half were not. Guess what… ◦ The pain ratings under hypnosis of the subjects expecting hypnosis were drastically different  in favor of hypnosis ◦ Pain ratings under hypnosis for the subjects who weren’t expecting hypnosis were the same.

So how do we know we’re under? According to Spanos: People define themselves as having been hypnotized ◦ when they interpret their own behavior under hypnosis in ways that are consistent with their expectations about being hypnotized.

An example In one of Spanos' experiments, two groups of students were given lectures about hypnosis and then put under hypnosis. ◦ The difference between experiment and control? ◦ The experimental group was told that arm rigidity was a spontaneous event during hypnosis.

The result? Not one student in the control group experienced spontaneous arm rigidity during the control group's hypnosis session. ◦ However, subjects in the experimental group did. ◦ The expectation of behavior led to the experience of the behavior.

Do you daydream a lot? Do you lose track of time when reading, playing video games….?

Hypnotic suggestion? A person's susceptibility to hypnosis correlates with his or general tendency to become absorbed in other activities ◦ Such as reading or daydreaming. ◦ In other words, imagination is vital.

It's all in how you say it Hypnotists often use tests to see how "under" a subject is. ◦ Spanos claimed that these tests are often carried out in such way as to invite the subjects to convince themselves that something out of the ordinary is happening.  Put up your right arm, please…

You are relaxed, Your arm is growing heavy…and you can not hold it up. The "suggestion" has two very interesting aspects: One request asks subject to do something The other asks the subject to interpret the action as having occurred involuntarily. Of course it helps if the suggestion makes sense. (A heavy arm falling vs. light arm rising.) Your hand is reaching into your wallet and you can't stop it from handing Ms. Wheeler a dollar. Just checking.

Explaining Hypnosis

What are some of the symptoms of addiction?

Drugs and Consciousness  Psychoactive Drug  a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood  Physical Dependence  physiological need for a drug  marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms  Psychological Dependence  a psychological need to use a drug  for example, to relieve negative emotions

Dependence and Addiction  Tolerance  diminishing effect with regular use  Withdrawal  discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use Small Large Drug dose Little effect Big effect Drug effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect

Psychoactive Drugs  Depressants  drugs that reduce neural activity  slow body functions  alcohol, barbiturates, opiates  Stimulants  drugs that excite neural activity  speed up body functions  caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

Psychoactive Drugs  Hallucinogens  psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input  LSD

Psychoactive Drugs  Barbiturates  drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

Psychoactive Drugs  Opiates  opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)  opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Psychoactive Drugs  Amphetamines  drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

Psychoactive Drugs  Ecstasy (MDMA)  synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen  both short-term and long-term health risks  LSD  lysergic acid diethylamide  a powerful hallucinogenic drug  also known as acid  THC  the major active ingredient in marijuana  triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

Trends in Drug Use 1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Year 80% High school seniors reporting drug use Alcohol Marijuana/ hashish Cocaine

Perceived Marijuana Risk ‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Year 100% Percent of twelfth graders Perceived “great risk of harm” in marijuana use Used marijuana

Create Your Own DARE Please complete the handout with a partner.

Near-Death Experiences  Near-Death Experience  an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death  often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

Near-Death Experiences  Dualism  the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact  Monism  the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing