Reducing Pollution from Transport – actual challenges and developments Research center for Transport and Logistics Hybrid Vehicle Sustainability Evaluation A. Alessandrini, F. Filippi and F. Ortenzi JIM-EV May 2009

CTL – “Vehicle Research Group” Interdisciplinary scientific approach: Transport (DITS) Telecommunications (INFO-COM) Information Science (DIS) Energy and Mechanics (DMA/CIRPS/ENEA) Combined effort in reducing impacts

Data acquisition GPS (speed, position) Environment (pressure, temperature, humidity) Main engine parameters (rpm, speed, throttle position, mass airflow, air-fuel ratio, engine load, coolant temperature, catalyst temperature, exhaust gas temperature, pressure, flow rate) Emissions (CO 2, CO, HC, NO x )

The monitoring system

On board

A journey

Emissions acquisition Horiba Japan On-board emissions measurement system OBS 1300

InstrumentMeasureNEDC Euro IV limits Error OBD-CAN Fuel l/100km 4.6–7.8- ± Horiba OBS 1300 CO 2 g/km109–184- ± CO g/km-1.00 ± HC g/km-0.10 ± NO x g/km-0.08± Accuracy of instruments

CTL – Honda Italy CTL and Honda signed 2 research contracts: 1.To adapt the CTL monitoring tools to Honda hybrid vehicles 2.To assess the real environmental impact of Honda hybrid vehicles in city use

Honda Civic Hybrid

Testing tour Length: 4.6 km Presence of slopes, intersections and high speed zones (up to 90 km/h ) Vehicles driven by 20 drivers, 3 times each 3 vehicles tested: Honda Hybrid, IMA and Civic v START

CTL SW Acquisition 5.1

Hybrid (Euro IV) IMA (Euro III) Civic 2.0 (Euro IV) Consumption on road (Consumption NEDC) l/100km 8.15 (4.6) 9.96 (4.9) (7.8) CO2 on road (CO2 NEDC) g/km (109) (116) (184) Fuel consumption and CO 2

Euro IV limits HybridIMA (Euro III) Civic 2.0 CO g/km HC g/km NO x g/km Emissions

HybridIMA v Fuel consumption >14.5 % tours km/l

CO 2 emissions g/km % tours HybridIMA v

CO Emissions >3.25 EURO IV limit for CO [g/km] HybridIMA v % tours gr/km

NO x emissions HybridIMA v >0.24 EURO IV limit for NOx [g/km] gr/km % tours

Fuel consumption Throttle standard deviation % l/100 km

CO emissions Throttle standard deviation % g/km

Limits Throttle standard deviation % g/km NO X emissions

User evaluation based on Purchase cost Fuel consumption (Fuel cost: €/l) External costs evaluation based on “Handbook on estimation of external costs in the transport sector” EC, 2008 CO 2 =25 €/t; CO=0 €/t; HC=1.100 €/t; NOx=5.700 €/t Sustainability evaluation

Urban environment 6% discount rate Lifetime of 250,000 km spread uniformly over 14 years No maintenance costs Calculation hypothesis

HybridIMA2000 Purchase cost € Present total fuel cost € Total cost € Users evaluation

Present cost € HybridIMA2000 CO2* HC NOx Total cost € External costs evaluation

The hybrid vehicles Reduce emissions in transient conditions because the engine is helped by the electrical motor in unfavourable working conditions. Limit dependence of emissions on drive-style. Delay the full throttle “emission overflow”. Will eventually eliminate the full throttle open loop conditions that cause “emission overflow”.

Hybrid and IMA consume less than Civic 2000 and are slightly less costly for the user. External costs are calculated using the EC promoted Manual; they are not high enough to advantage low environmental impact vehicles. Based on our current analyses, a hypothetical vehicle with no emissions could justify a price premium over the Civic 2000 of no more than €1775. Conclusions

Closing reflections R&D over 100 years has refined conventional ICE vehicles to be powerful, highly reliable, low emissions and high fuel economy. Alternative propulsion systems have received only a tiny fraction of the attention given to the conventional ICE vehicle. Considerable progress would be made in these alternative technologies: just compare the differences between the Civic IMA and the Hybrid achieved in a few years.