1-1 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Electronics Principles & Applications Eighth Edition Chapter 1 Introduction (Student Version) Charles A. Schuler ©2013

1-2 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill History Digital or Analog Analog Functions Circuits with Both DC and AC Trends INTRODUCTION

1-3 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Dear Student: This presentation is arranged in segments. Each segment is preceded by a Concept Preview slide and is followed by a Concept Review slide. When you reach a Concept Review slide, you can return to the beginning of that segment by clicking on the Repeat Segment button. This will allow you to view that segment again, if you want to.

1-4 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill History 1899 Discovery of the electron 1901 Radio 1906 Vacuum tube (Audion) 1943 First computer (ENIAC) 1947 Transistor 1958 Integrated circuit 1971 Microprocessor 1982 Single chip DSP

1-5 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Joseph John ("J.J.") Thompson performed experiments with beams of negative particles that led him to the conclusion that they consisted of lightweight particles with a negative electric charge, now known as electrons. Thompson was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize.

1-6 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill An early spark-gap radio transmitter

1-7 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill This is the original Audion patent dated January, The Audion was used as a detector of radio signals, an amplifier of audio and an oscillator for transmitting radio signals.

1-8 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Technician replacing one of ENIAC’s 17,468 vacuum tubes

1-9 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill First point-contact transistor built by Walter Brattain. It was ½ inch high. Paper clip (spring support and base lead) Plastic (insulating support for point contacts) Germanium crystal Two gold point contacts (0.002” apart) Base lead Collector Emitter lead Gold foil Solder joint

1-10 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Kilby’s first chip

1-11 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill A drawing of the top metalization layer for the Intel 4004 … the first single-chip microprocessor which was announced in This chip held 2,300 transistors. Today, an Intel Core processor might hold 560 million transistors.

1-12 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Concept Preview The world of electronics can be divided into digital or analog. Analog signals come from nature and from physical systems. Analog signals have an infinite variety of levels. Digital signals usually have only two levels. Digital signals are often represented as binary numbers. A/D and D/A conversions are commonplace.

1-13 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill ANALOG An infinite number of levels

1-14 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill DIGITAL 2 levels

1-15 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill ANALOG (non-linear)

1-16 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill A/D converter Binary numbers Analog in … digital out

1-17 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill D/A converter Digital in … analog out

1-18 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill D/A converter

1-19 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Electronic circuit quiz The output of a typical digital circuit has _________ states or levels. two The output of a typical analog circuit has ________ states or levels. infinite Linear electronic circuits are in the category called ____________. analog An analog circuit with some distortion can be called ________. non-linear An analog signal can be changed to a numerical format by an ____________. A/D converter

1-20 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Concept Review The world of electronics can be divided into digital or analog. Analog signals come from nature and from physical systems. Analog signals have an infinite variety of levels. Digital signals usually have only two levels. Digital signals are often represented as binary numbers. A/D and D/A conversions are commonplace. Repeat Segment

1-21 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill ANALOG ELECTRONIC FUNCTIONS Adder Subtractor Attenuator Clipper Comparator Controller Converter Detector Divider Filter Mixer Multiplier Oscillator Rectifier Regulator Switch Amplifier

1-22 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Concept Preview Many circuits and signals have both ac and dc components. Capacitors can couple ac signals from one point to another. Coupling capacitors have low reactance at the signal frequency. Capacitors block dc since they have infinite reactance at 0 Hz. Bypass capacitors remove the ac component. Bypass capacitors have one lead grounded.

1-23 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 10 V 0 V 10 V 10 V P-P 10 kHz 10 k  3.3 k  1  F Many circuits are a mix of ac and dc.

1-24 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill +5 V 0 V -5 V 10 V 10 V P-P 10 kHz 10 k  3.3 k  1  F

1-25 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 0 V 10 V 10 V P-P 10 kHz 10 k  3.3 k  1  F Note the loss in ac amplitude due to the drop across the 3.3 k  resistor.

1-26 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill +5 V 0 V 10 V 10 V P-P 10 kHz 10 k  3.3 k  1  F Note the combined dc and ac.

1-27 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 0 V 10 V 10 V P-P 10 kHz 10 k  3.3 k  1  F Note that the dc signal is blocked by the capacitor.

1-28 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill +5 V 0 V 10 V 10 V P-P 10 kHz 10 k  3.3 k  1  F Bypass capacitor Bypass capacitors are used to eliminate the ac component.

1-29 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Capacitor/resistor quiz A node in an electronic circuit can have both dc and ac _________. signal components Capacitors support the flow of ac but block ________. dc Resistors provide equal opposition to both ____________. dc and ac When a capacitor is used to eliminate ac at a node it is called a ________. bypass A blocking capacitor is used to eliminate ________ at a circuit node. dc

1-30 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Concept Review Repeat Segment Many circuits and signals have both ac and dc components. Capacitors can couple ac signals from one point to another. Coupling capacitors have low reactance at the signal frequency. Capacitors block dc since they have infinite reactance at 0 Hz. Bypass capacitors remove the ac component. Bypass capacitors have one lead grounded.

1-31 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Solder Insertion technology Device leads pass through holes in the circuit board.

1-32 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Surface mount technology Devices placed by automatic equipment Circuit boards cost less (fewer holes) Higher connection density Smaller and less expensive products Difficult to repair SOT-223 Chip resistor Solder

1-33 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Probing fine-pitch ICs is difficult without the right tools!

1-34 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The “Wedge” probe from Agilent makes it possible to safely connect to fine-pitch SMT integrated circuits. Photograph courtesy of Agilent Technologies

1-35 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Agilent 1145A probe is designed for surface mount devices.

1-36 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Wireless devices, programmable devices, devices that know where they are, compact digital cameras with built-in projectors and the beat goes on!

1-37 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill REVIEW History Digital or Analog Analog Functions Circuits with Both DC and AC Trends