Terai <300m Siwalik m Lesser Himalaya m Greater Himalaya > 4600m Outer Himalaya m Tibetan Plateau 4000m Western Disturbances Nov. – March/April SW Monsoon June – Sep Glaciers – 10% Winter snow cover % Maximum monsoon precipitation at 1500 – 3000 m asl

Monsoon (June-Sep.) Western disturbances Decreasing strength

India gets her name from this river basin Five main tributaries of Indus basin from east are: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Satluj Principal rivers of Indus system are perennial while tributaries are more dependent on monsoon rains Most of basin lies in India and Pakistan. Only ~ 13 % of its total catchment is in Tibet and Afghanistan Within India, Indus Basin lies in the States of J & K, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan

Originate at height of 5,494 m asl near Mansarovar lake in Tibet in the Himalayas Flows for 2880 km before meeting the Arabian sea. The length of river in India is 1114 km. Sixth largest river of the world whose agriculture- centred civilization belongs to 5 th millennium BC Basin extends over an area of 11,65,500 sq. km. Drainage area in India is 3,21,289 sq. km Hydropower potential of basin is assessed as MW at 60% load factor. 32 implemented/under-construction schemes account for ~ 28% of assessed potential of basin.

Bhakra-Nangal project Beas project (Pong & Pandoh dams) Harike barrage Rajasthan canal Ranjit Sagar dam Sutlej-Yamuna Iink canal Ravi-Tawi lift irrigation scheme Salal Hydro-electric project Baglihar Hydro-electric project

Signed on Sept 19, 1960 at Karachi Water of Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas and Sutlej), shall be available to India for unrestricted use From Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab), India use water for domestic use, non-consumptive uses, run- of-river plants and specified agriculture.

Catchment area in India – 1,80,000 sq. km Av. annual precipitation in the basin – 250 mm 4989 glaciers covering an area of km 2 Mean Annual Runoff ~ 110 BCM Major Hydro-electric projects – Alchi, Chutak

Catchment area in India – 47,528 km 2 Average annual rainfall in the basin – mm Number of glaciers Glaciated area – km 2 Average annual runoff ~ BCM Average annual runoff ~ BCM Major Hydro-electric projects – Lower Jhelum & Upper Sindh projects

Catchment area in India – 22,770 sq. km Elevation range up to Akhnoor – 308 – 7042 m Average annual rainfall in the basin – 1217 mm Average snow-covered area after winter ~ 70% Permanent snow cover area ~ 25% 1278 glaciers covering an area of 2300 km 2 Average annual flow ~ BCM Snow/glacier-melt ~ 49% of average annual flow Major Hydro-electric projects – Salal & Baglihar

Catchment area in India – 2,168 sq. km Elevation range : 200 – 4000 m Average annual rainfall in the basin – 1417 mm Average snow-covered area after winter ~ 10% Mean Annual Runoff ~ 1348 MCM Major Hydro-electric projects – Chenani I, II & III

Catchment area in India ~13886 sq. km Average annual rainfall in the basin ~ 600 mm Mean Annual Runoff ~ 691 MCM Major Hydro-electric projects – Sewa-III 172 glaciers covering an area of 193 km 2

DETAILSSATLUJBEAS Basin Area Km Km 2 Elevation Range Max. Elevation – 6734 m Min. Elevation – 326 m Max. Elevation – 6617 m Min. Elevation – 308 m Land use features Land use features Forest, Snow cover, Water, Barren land Average Annual Rainfall 1416 mm 1843 mm Major Reservoir Bhakra Nangal Dam Maharana Pratap Sagar Snow/glacier melt contribution in annual flow 55%35%

Hydrological network and database Impact of climate change on regional water resources Changing glacial resources Flash floods generated from Cloudburst/GLOF Excessive soil erosion and siltation in river flows Conservation & management of lakes & springs

Inaccessible & inhospitable mountainous conditions Variation in altitude, slope, aspect, soil, and landuse Hydro-meteorological characteristics change over short distances (say on windward and leeward sides) Quite sparse hydrological network in various basins Need for high density of hydrometric stations for reliable assessment of hydrological variables In addition, need for proper design of hydrometric network and installation of automated telemetry stations

Average = 1803 MCM

Chhatru (Chenab) Batal (Chenab ) Beaskund-2 (Beas ) Beaskund-1 (Beas) Volume - 49% Area - 43% Recession – 7.5 m/yr Volume -7% Area - 5% Recession – 26 m/yr Volume -26% Area - 22% Recession – 54m/yr Volume - 48% Area - 41% Recession – 2 m/yr

Phutse glacier Khardug glacier Nangtse glacier Unnamed vanished glacier

Site of GLOF washed out bridge Site of GLOF washed out Road Pond sites

Road washed off Flood mark on the banks of lake Washed of Culvert enroute to Pangong Lake

A number of high altitude natural lakes: Wular, Dal, Nagin, Manasbal, Mansar, Surinsar and Sanasar etc. These lakes are of high socio-economic importance but deteriorating with time in quantity and quality Important to estimate water balance components of lakes and suggest measures for their preservation & sustenance A large number of springs in mountainous areas which serve as a source of water supply for nearby population Water flows in the springs are diminishing with time. It is important to understand the hydrology of recharge zones Depending on the causes of diminishing spring flows, ameliorative measures needed to sustain spring flows

With time, water demands are increasing while supplies are getting limited in quantity & quality In such scenarios, water is getting considerable attention for its optimum utilization Western Himalayan region of the Indus basin suffers from some hydrological problems related to sparse hydrometric network, climate change impact, flash floods, and sedimentation There is a need to create the dense hydrometric network and generate long-term hydrological database for the region

Glacier and snow-melt have major contribution to the river flows in the region. It is necessary to characterize the glaciers in different climatological regions of the basin To develop adaptation strategies to cope up with the likely climate change impacts, it is important to carry out hydrological modeling studies for different basins with probable climate change scenarios In view of the enormous hydropower potential in the basin, plan should be developed to generate maximum hydropower from the available resources Sedimentation being a major concern for development of new projects, watershed prioritization measures may be adopted to control sediment generation & movement

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