 hem/o and hemat/o  plasma - 55%  formed elements - 45%  serum - plasma without clotting proteins

 RBC - erythrocytes - erythropoiesis  WBC - leukocytes - leukopoiesis  Platelets - thrombocytes - thrombopoiesis

 erythr/o - red  cyte - cell  Hemoglobin - blood protein transports oxygen  Reticulocyte - immature erythrocyte  RBCs produced by red bone marrow

 leuk/o - white  Protect the body against invasion  Pass through capillary walls

 Granulocytes  neutrophils (phagocytosis)  eosinophils (allergies)  basophils (promote inflammation)  Agranulocytes  lymphocytes (production of circulating antibodies)  monocytes (macrophages)  Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus, abscess.

 smallest formed element  made in bone marrow  essential to blood coagulation  If injury, blood comes in contact with any tissue other than the lining of the vessels, platelets stick together, form plug, seals wound. Chemicals released, series of reactions, formation of clot.

 plasma  92% water  8% plasma proteins  albumin  globulin  fibrinogen  serum - plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen

 To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances  pathogenic microorganisms  allergens  toxins  malignant cells

 Unlike other body systems, Immune System is NOT contained within a single set of organs or vessels  Action depends on structures from lymphatic, cardiovascular, and Integumentary systems  Works primarily through antigen-antibody reaction

 Major structures  lymph vessels  lymph nodes  lymph fluid  tonsils  Also  spleen  thymus

 lymph/o  drain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to the blood  transport materials (nutrients, hormones and oxygen) to body cells  carry away waste products to the blood  transport lipids away from digestive system  control of infection

 Lymph originates in blood plasma  Interstitial fluid  cleans and nourishes body tissues  collects cellular debris, bacteria  return to blood or lymph capillaries

 located in lymph vessels  small round or oval structures (filters)  depositories for cellular debris  bacteria and debris phagocytized

 inside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs (lymphocytes)  almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100  invading cells destroyed in nodes and often swell as an indicator of the disease process

 sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue  filter for lymph  phagocytic cells  hemolytic

 lymphatic tissue  mediastinum  primary role: changes lymphocytes to T cells for cellular immunity

 masses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid, not lymph  located beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outside and hence to contamination  any or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominance  should not be removed unless absolutely necessary.

 Antigen - any substance that the body regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin)  Antibody - a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigen  Antigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction

 Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs  A - A antigen  B - B antigen  AB - both AB antigens  O - no AB antigens

 Plasma does not contain the antibody against own antigen  Antigens on the donor’s RBCs react with the antibodies in patients plasma and cause a transfustion reaction.

 Rh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85% of pop. of US.  Rh positive and Rh negative  Rh neg pregnant woman may develop antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-positive fetus.  hemolytic disease of the newborn  prevented with RhoGAM

 Immunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific disease  Acquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during life

 Health  Age  Heredity

 Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced  symptom of disease  erythropenia  hypochromasia  hematocrit

 Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)  HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 years  AIDS name applied during advanced stages of disease  After immune system destroyed, opportunistic infections occur.

Antigens stimulate development of antibodies that are unable to distinguish antigens of internal cells. Body makes antibodies and T cells against itself and attacks own tissues. Multisystemic involvement. Myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis

 Hypoproteinemia  lowers osmotic pressure within blood  large amounts of plasma pass out of blood  poor lymph drainage  increased capillary permeability  congestive heart failure  localized edema, ascites

 Hereditary blood clotting disorder  sex-linked, usually in men  lack factor VIII, essential for blood clotting  hematomas  hemarthrosis

 Acute infection caused by virus.  Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, and bruising.  transmitted by droplet infection  Infection confers permanent immunity  Treatment symptomatic

 Metastasis, Metastasize  Carcinoma  Malignant Melanoma  Adenocarcinoma  Sarcoma (arises from bone, fat, muscle, etc.)  Osteocarcoma  Osteosarcoma  Myosarcoma  Myeloma

 Major oncological disorder of blood-forming organs  malignant cells replace health bone marrow cells  acute myelogenous leukemia  acute lymphocytic leukemia

 Malignant disorder  Painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes; splenomegaly  Anorexia, weight loss, pruritus, anemia, leukocytosis

 Malignancy associated with AIDS  lesions emerge as purplish-brown macules and develop into plaques and nodules