Mapping the North Caucasus: Russian challenges of Security in the globalised world Victor Apryshchenko Southern Federal University, Rostov na Donu, Russia University of Linkoping 22 April 2013

North Caucasus: non-Russian speaking

North Caucasus: Russian speaking

Cossacks of the South of Russia

Ethnic and Confession composition Russian Ukrainian Polish Jewish Armenians Christianity Islam Buddhism

Caucasian Identity: does it really exist? In search of Caucasianship – Mentality – Way of life – Cultural stereotypes Factors of integration: 1.Common natural environment. 2.Common social and cultural space. 3.Ethnogenetic relationship. 4.Common historical past.

Main approaches Modernisation theory: system transformation Identity theory: Crisis of identity Semiology theory: in search of common symbols

Demographic processes 12% population Demographically successful regions (Dagestan, Ingushetia) Demographically depressive areas (Russian- speaking regions)

Migrations 20% of Russian migrant population lives at the North Caucasus 1.Receiving regions (Krasnodar, Rostov, Stavropol) 2.Sending regions (former USSR republics), form 372 to 45 thousands people in Chechnya

Ethnic composition of migrant growth, 2001, % PeopleStavropol r.Krasnodar r.Rostov r. Russian70,258,974,7 North Caucasian4,4-0,4-0,13 Transcaucasian17,420,113,4 Others821,412 Non-Russian29,841,125,3

Discrimination, poll data, 2002 Ingushetia – 57 % Chechen Republic – 40 % Kabardino-Balkariya –29% Dagestan – 17% Vladikavkaz – 54 % (admission in Universities). Chechen Republic – 79% (employment inequality) Adygea – 68% (employment inequality)

Migration reasons, outflow from the North Caucasus Ethnic and territorial conflicts Social and cultural separatism Economic ethnisation Political Islam Decline of Russian institutions

Cossack Renaissance Don Cossacks at Rostov, Kuban Cossacks in Krasnodar, Tereck Cossacks at Stavrol Idea of ‘ethnic purity’

Remontnoe Clashes: September, 2012 Rostov region – 4.3 million population 8,000 ethnic Dargins 10,000 ethnic Chechens 1,740 Dagestan residents living in Remontnoe village (third generation of ethnic Dagestanis)

Government discourse, Alexsander Tkachev, Krasnodar region, 3 August 2012 “We are glad to gests. But our monastery - our rules” IDEA OF A THREAT “I cannot admit real interethnic clash here and I`m going to resist any accessible methods”

Rising Russian Nationalism? North Caucasus have practically ‘exited from the Russian constitutional, mental, civil and any other space. This is no longer Russia. The generation that grew up there does not equate itself with Russia. In the first place, they are not Russians, but the carriers of Islamic, ethnic, clan or some other identities.’ Andrei Yepifantsev

Reasons of interethnic tensions in the North Caucasus Legal Political and ethnopolitical Economic Social Demographic Cultural Religious

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