Medicine Aleks Purins & Emme McCabe

Source 1) Medieval Islamic Medicine By: Peter E. Porman 2) The Muslim Almanac By: Acim A. Nenji 3) Arab World Notebook By: Basheer K. Nijim et. al. 4)The Islamic World By: L. Esposito 5) By: Albert S. Lyons 6)

After life Source 1 S Page 162 Islamic medical traditions had a profound influence in Europe Islamic medicine faced challenges from competing medical systems, most notably modern Western medicine.

4 Background Source 3 S p Crusades in 11 th and 12 th centuries introduced Europe to Arab medicine, when wounded crusaders were lucky enough to be treated by Arab “hakim”. Arab “hakim” were wise men Arabs were the first to use anesthesia First hospital was established in 8 th century in Baghdad. Physicians were required to pass qualifying exams before they could practice

Background Source 3 S p. 206 Hospitals had separate wards for the insane and for different diseases, pharmacies laboratories, medical libraries, and medical training centers After crusades, most important medical work in Arabic were translated into Latin and guided European medicine until the 17 th century

Background-Facilities Source 3 Q p “Sweet music played at night to soothe the sleepless, and there were some 50 storytellers to amuse the patients. On discharge, each patient was given a quantity of money to tide him over during his convalescence- the earliest known form of social rehabilitation”

Physicians Source 3 S p most influential medical authors were… 1.Ar-Razi ( ) 2.Ibn-Sina ( ) 3.Az-Zahrawi (d. 1013) Ar-Razi was “the unchallenged chief physician of muslims”

Physicians –Ar-Razi Source 3 S p Ar-Razi was born in Persia He trained in Baghdad, and worked at a hospital in Teheran Wrote 100 major scientific works Wrote a detailed rendition about small pox Wrote a great encyclopedia that was translated into Latin in 1279

Physicians-Ar-Razi Source 3 Q p “Ar-Razi led the fight against quacks and Charlatans in health fields, called for consultation and mutual trust between skilled physicians, and favored a family- doctor practice. He warned patients that changing from one doctor to another would waste their, health, and time. He promoted physiotherapy pointing out that hopeful comments from doctors encouraged patients, made them feel better. He… stressed the importance of a balance diet for the preservation or restoration of good health. And he admired practitioners to avoid extravagance to dress, eat, and live simply.”

Physician-Ibn-Sina Source 3 S p. 207 Ibn-Sina was also Persian He wrote a famous encyclopedia in Arabic called the Canun It summarized all of Greek, Arabic, Hindu, and Persian medicine Ibn-Sina’s Canun described every known disease both physical and mental and every method of treatment and all the medications to use Encyclopedia evaluated 760 drugs in use a the time The Canun was used in western medicine and was basic medical text for more that 5 centuries

11 Physicians-Ibn-Sina Source 3 S p. 207 Canun had 20 editions in Latin and several in Hebrew Canun was used in Muslim medicine for 19 centuries Medicine was only one of Ibn-Sina’s interests He also studies, natural sciences, mathematics, philosophy, and Islamic law were all subjects he mastered before medicine Started studying medicine at age of 16 At 18 he was a famous physician. Foreign rulers traveled to Persia to be treated by him He was the first “Renaissance Man”

Physicians- Az-Zahrawi Source 3 S p. 207 Az-Zahrawi was Arab Spain He was reffered to as “chief of all surgeons” in Europe until 16 th century He wrote a book that contained 200 of the earliest known illustrations of surgical instuments in medieval literature He was the first to take account of heredity nature when he created descriptions of hemophilia

5/27/2016 Methodology and Treatment Source 5 S p. 1 Arabist practitioners used almost the same methods as the Greeks and Romans Diagnosis was based on six criteria: the patient's behavior; the excriment; the other secretions from the body; swellings; the character of pain; and the location of pain Pulse was also taken and noted during exams The influence of the stars in disease was also a role during exams

5/27/2016 Methods and Treatment Source 5 S p. 1 examining urine (urinscopy) was important half-filled urine flask a symbol of the physcician Urine's color, consistency, sediment, smell, and taste helped determine what was wrong with the patient. It also helped determine treatment Surgery was not popular and was in low regard Surgery was done by untrained folk doctors, laymen, and charlatans Only some physcians practiced surgery and wrote about it

5/27/2016 Methodology and Treatment Source 5 S p. 1 Lithotomy kept having bad results Most common Arabic surgical technique was cauterization Cauterization was used for both internal and external diseases Anesthesia was a sponge soaked in narcotic acid, held to the mouth or nose Salves were applied during surgery to heal parts

5/27/2016 Methodology and Treatment Source 5 S p. 1 Arabic therapy used many different drugs De Materia Medica of Dioscorides(herb) was studied closely New medications, including mineral, vegatable, and animal substances, were added to the herb to make Arabist materia medica Ambergris, camphor, cloves, myrrh, and senna were introduced, and also syrups, juleps, elixers and many different mixtures

5/27/2016 In early Islam, medical practice was still carried on by Christian and Jewish physicians Not much prejudice against non-Muslim doctors Muslim physicians grew rapidly when Alexandria became a center of Muslim intellectual life Physicians needed training in a hospital or a teaching center Physicians were ready when they got certifacation from their teachers Physicians and doctors Source 5 S p. 1

5/27/2016 Physicians and doctors Source 5 S p. 1 mid-wives were the only women who were allowed to practice medicine However, the seriously ill was treated by male physicians Academies, schools, and libraries were found in mosques and hospitals in the Islam world Medicine was usually one of the discilines taught

5/27/2016 Facilities and public health Source 5 S p. 1 The best known hospitals in the Middle ages were in Baghdad, Damascus, and Cairo The best hospitals in Baghdad were founded in the 10th century Hospitals and medical schools in Damascus were elagent and very good The largest and best hospital was the Mansur Hospital in Cairo, founded in 19th century

5/27/2016 Facilities and public health Source 5 S p. 1 The Mansur was built by many workers and was built over a long time In the Mansur, there were seperate wards for different diseases-fevers, eye conditions,diarrhea,wounds, pregnant women- On discharge, each patient got five gold pieces to help him/her go support themselves