Phil Thomas, Chairman SSPO

Global Population is Increasing World Total Developing Countries Developed Countries Depending on assumptions about affluence, diet composition and food waste these figures imply an increase in total food production of 50-70% of current production & consumption.

Projection of human energy and protein- food consumption (after FAO) Energy (kcal/day) Meat (g/d) Milk (g/d) Estimated

What about fish? Total global consumption is increasing because of population increase and increased consumption per head. But FAO says: One-quarter of the world's fish stocks are overexploited, depleted or recovering from depletion. There is no possibility of increasing fishing activity; in some cases the stocks may decline further. About half of the stocks are fully exploited. They are being fished at or close to their maximum sustainable limit. There is no room for further expansion of fishing activity. Around one-quarter of fish stocks are underexploited or partially exploited and could perhaps produce more.

Trends for Fish? Aquaculture provides an increasing proportion of fish supply; this will continue to rise. Global aquaculture production is circa 67 million tonnes. Most is produced in China /Asia. Main species there are low value carp, tilapia and other fresh water fish. EU production is relatively small but EU is the largest global importer of fish and seafood products and is only 40% self sufficient in supply. EU has a major structural deficit in fish supply. Country World Production (%) China66.6 Asia - China22.8 Europe3.3 South America2.7 North America1.3 Africa1.2 Trends in Global Fish

European EU Aquaculture tonnes

UK Aquaculture Production Shellfish Pacific oysters Native oysters Scallops Queens Mussels* (97%: £31.9m) Clams Cockles Finfish Salmon* (90%, £400m) Trout* (9%, £45m) Halibut Turbot Sea bass (Cod)

Mussels

Trout

Annual Scottish Farmed Salmon Production The Crown Estate & Islands Councils Interim Arrangements Town & Country Planning Act Tonnes x 1000 Anticipated

Marine Scotland Salmon Fisheries Regions East North East Moray Firth North North West West Coast Clyde Coast Solway Orkney Shetland Outer Hebrides

Technology Development Plastic Pens After Hanlon (After, Chopin, 2010)

Feed and Nutrition A conversion ratio of caught fish to farmed salmon of 5:1 is often quoted. This figure is incorrect and based on an incorrect set of assumptions. Modern salmon nutrition and aquaculture feed use provides a conversion rate of 1.25:1. However, about 25% of fish meal is derived from waste from fish processing. Inclusion rates of fish meal in salmon diets have been reducing progressively as feed technology develops. The notion that salmon farming is ‘not sustainable’ because of its fish-feed needs is incorrect.

World Fish Meal Production and Use in Aquaculture World Fish Meal Production Aquaculture Feed

IFFO Summary of Changing Use in Fishmeal Use

Alternatives to Fish Meal (After Skretting, 2010)

Marine Scotland Salmon Fisheries Regions East North East Moray Firth North North West West Coast Clyde Coast Solway Orkney Shetland Outer Hebrides

Distribution of Scottish Salmon Farms WestSalmon FarmsEastSalmon Farms Shetland107 Orkney19 North West42North2 West Coast41North East0 Clyde Coast15Moray Firth0 Outer Hebrides45East0 Solway0 Total sites 271 Total consented biomass 298, 113 tonnes

Why are farms distributed like this? History, Policy, and Planning Salmon Catch Distribution Historically salmon farming started in west coast and island areas because of the water quality and suitability of sites. Government Planning Policy in 1997 to locate farms to the west coast and islands. Scottish Government Locational Guidelines based on predicted nutrient enhancement, benthic impact and natural heritage sensitivities direct location. Total Catch % East Coast % West Coast , , , , , ,

That’s All Folks!