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Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Growth of the Body and Brain  Motor Development and Physical Activity  Health and Safety Issues  Children with Exceptional Needs

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Physical Growth and Problems with Being Overweight  Growth and Maturation of the Brain

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Overweight ◦ Having a body mass index at or above the 95 th percentile for the child’s age and sex.  Body Mass Index ◦ An indicator of body fat based on weight and height.  Risk of Overweight ◦ Having a body mass index from the 85 th to the 95 th percentile for the child’s age and gender.

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Plasticity ◦ The brain’s tendency to remain somewhat flexible or malleable until synaptogenesis is complete and until the brain’s synapses have been pruned and locked into particular functions.

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Motor Development  Physical Activity and Exercise  Organized Sports

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Both gross-motor and fine-motor skills become more controlled and coordinated across the middle childhood years.  Overall strength improves.  Children gain more control over their movements during middle childhood.  Gross and fine motor skills are more coordinated.

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Health officials recommend that children get much more physical activity each day than most currently do.  The benefits of physical activity include weight control, healthy lung function, and cardiovascular health.  Rough-and-tumble play increases during middle childhood.

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.

 Organized Sports ◦ Sporting activities organized coached, or supervised by adults.  Participation in organized sports has a number of potential physical, social, and emotional benefits.  Barriers include money, time, transportation, and neighborhood safety considerations.

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Home Safety ◦ 40% of children’s accidental deaths and 50% of injuries occur in the home. ◦ There are many things that can be done to improve safety in the home.  Automobile Safety ◦ Automobile accidents are the leading cause of accidental death in this age group. ◦ Children should be secure in booster seats or seat belts appropriate for age and weight.  Pedestrian Safety ◦ Adults need to supervise children when crossing streets.

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Bicycle Safety ◦ In he U. S., approximately 275,000 children are injured and 140 are killed on bicycles each year. ◦ Wearing a helmet can reduce the risks of serious head and brain injuries by as much as 85%.  Water Safety ◦ Drowning is another leading cause of accidental death among children. ◦ During middle childhood, children still need to be supervised around water.

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Who’s At Risk? ◦ Unhealthy family environment. ◦ Marital disruptions. ◦ Individual factors.  What Are The Effects of Child Sexual Abuse? ◦ Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◦ Depression

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Children With Exceptional Needs ◦ Children who require help beyond what is needed by peers.  What is Developmental Psychopathology?  Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder  Communication and Learning Disorder  Autism Spectrum Disorders

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Developmental Psychopathology ◦ The view that a wide variety of factors influences both typical and a typical paths of developmental.  Prevalence Rates ◦ Refers to the percentages or numbers of individuals who show particular problems or conditions.  Comorbidity ◦ Situation in which an individual has more than one disorder or problem at the same time.

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder  Four Types of ADHD ◦ ADHD – predominantly inactive ◦ ADHD – predominantly hyperactive-impulsive ◦ ADHD - combined ◦ ADHD – not otherwise specified

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Communication Disorders ◦ Conditions in which children have significant difficulty producing speech sounds, using spoken language to communicate, or understanding what other people say.  Learning Disorders ◦ Conditions involving difficulties with specific skills such as reading, mathematics, or writing.

Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) ◦ A group of serious developmental disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication.