International Public Law Regulating Internet: What Can Be Done Michael YAKUSHEV Board of Coordination Center of.RU National Domain, Chairman

International Public Law Wide consensus –What should be regulated, why and how Diplomatic relations –Based on experts’ views and ‘national interests’ Binding bi-lateral and multilateral (‘universal’) conventions Efficient mechanism of implementation (enforcement) Core importance of UN (for universal agreements) and mutual understanding (for- bilateral agreements)

International Public Law Regulating Internet: If There Were ‘Predecessors’ Telecommunications –International Telecommunication Union Civil Aviation –International Civil Aviation Organization Nuclear Power –International Atomic Energy Agency Outer Space Exploration –(system of bilateral, multi-lateral and universal agreements) Red Cross (non-government) ICANN (sui generis) …

Development of Outer Space Corpus Iuris 1957: First Earth Satellite (Sputnik) Launched 1960: First Spy Satellite (Discoverer) Launched 1961: First Man in Space (Vostok 1) 1966: First Space ‘docking’ (Gemini) 1969: First Man on the Moon (Apollo 11) 1971: First Orbital Station (Salyut 1) 1975: USSR-USA Soyuz-Apollo Project 1977: First Long-term Orbital Expeditions with International Participation 1980s: Commercial Communications Satellites 1981: First Space Shuttle Flight Permanent International Space Station 2009+: ?? 1962: First UN Declaration on Principles Governing Space Exploration 1967: Outer Space Treaty 1968: Rescue Agreement 1972: Liability Convention 1975: Registration Convention 1979: Moon Treaty

Internationally Recognized Principles Governing Space Activities the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries and shall be the province of all mankind; outer space shall be free for exploration and use by all States; outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means; States shall not place nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction in orbit or on celestial bodies or station them in outer space in any other manner; the Moon and other celestial bodies shall be used exclusively for peaceful purposes; astronauts shall be regarded as the envoys of mankind; States shall be responsible for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental activities; States shall be liable for damage caused by their space objects; and States shall avoid harmful contamination of space and celestial bodies

Development of Corpus Iuris Internetis What is specific –Three types of stakeholders (not only State(s)!) –Strong influence on all communities, businesses and ‘average people’ Procedures –Bilateral/multilateral negotiations –COPUOS: General Meetings + 2 Sub-Committees: Legal and Scientific- Technical -> participation of recognized experts –Drafting binding agreements Topics to discuss (regulate) –Infrastructure (protocols; geo 1 st level domains etc.) –Security (problems, solvable on international level) –Countering cybercrime, terrorism, etc. –Procedural legislation, harmonization (definition of notions), uniform enforcements –Social (cultural, humanitarian) issues Next Steps –Question to the audience

Good luck to all of us! Michael YAKUSHEV