Rise of the West

At the beginning: Rapid population growth Expansion of manufacturing New inventions First global conflict: the French and Indian War ( )

By the end: World War I Revolution in Russia, China, etc. Japanese expansion China’s transformation Colonial revolt

Why the West? Read and assess the validity of the arguments for the rise of the West contained in the article. –Make sure you understand what the arguments are. –Use concrete details to support your answer. This should be a page. (Use paragraphs.) Be ready to discuss when you’re finished!

What are some of the themes present? Industrialization Political upheaval Expansion of Western civilizations (US and Australia)

Some of the changes: From monarchies to parliaments and congresses Arrival of new states/nations Agricultural society to industrial Massive urban growth Nation states lead to alliances, and lots of them

Adam Smith Economist and Philosopher; wrote Wealth of Nations “ Virtue is more to be feared than vice, because its excesses are not subject to the regulation of conscience. ” "the invisible hand “— self-interest guides the most efficient use of resources in a nation's economy, with public welfare coming as a by-product. laissez-faire—a doctrine opposing governmental interference in economic affairs beyond the minimum necessary for the maintenance of peace and property rights state and personal efforts, to promote social good are ineffectual compared to unbridled market forces.

The Enlightenment 18 th and early 19 th centuries; ideas carry beyond A challenge to regimes that failed to change Use science to explore nature and to question what they had always accepted without questioning. Participate in government and to rethink old ideas like feudalism and primogeniture  monarchy should be responsible for the people Freedom and equality Ideas of equality are not extended to: women, peasants, laborers, slaves, non-whites (but they try!)

Enlightenment philosophers: Locke: –English –People can learn everything through senses –Contractual government –Power of government came from people, not the divine right of kings –It’s possible to stage revolution to overthrow tyrants

Enlightenment Philosophers: Voltaire: –Philosophe (French Enlightenment philosophers)  world of rationality, human knowledge & systematic thought could serve as tools for finding order in the universe & for solving problems in political & economic life –“crush the infamy” of superstition, intolerance, & the power of the clergy –Preferred benevolent & enlightened despotism (Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine II of Russia, or Joseph II of Austria)  disciplined behavior, subject to the law of nature

Revolutions America France Haiti Mexico Russia China We’ll do more in- depth studies!

Enlightenment, Revolution, and Women Enlightenment ideals & women –Call for equality not generally extended to women –Women used logic of Locke to argue for women’s rights Mary Astell attacked male dominance in the family Mary Wollstonecraft: women possessed same natural rights as men: “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” Olympe de Gouge--“Declaration of the Rights of Women”

Enlightenment, Revolution, and Women Women crucial to revolutionary activities –French revolution granted women rights of education and property, not the vote –Olympe de Gouges’s declaration of full citizenship for women too radical –Women made no significant gains in other Enlightenment revolutions Women’s right movements gained ground in the 19 th C in US and Europe

Nationalism and Nations Cultural nationalism: an expression of national identity –Common historical experience –Folk culture and lit to illustrate national spirit (Grimm’s Fairy Tales) Political nationalism more intense in the 19 th C –Demanded loyalty & solidarity from members of the national group –Minorities sought independence as a national community Zionism: Jewish nationalism as a response to widespread European anti-Semitism –Movement founded by Theodor Herzi to create a Jewish state in Palestine –Jewish state of Israel not created until 1948

Emergence of National Communities Congress of Vienna, –Conservative leaders determined to restore old order after defeat of Napoleon –Succeeded in maintaining balance of power in Europe for a century –Failed in repressing nationalist & revolutionary ideas Nationalist rebellions throughout the 19 th C –Greek rebels overcome Ottoman rule in 1827 –1830 and 1848, rebellions in France, Spain, Portugal, and German states –Conservative government usually restored afterward but ideals persisted

Unification of Italy & Germany Cavour & Garibaldi united Italy by 1870 –Mazzini’s Young Italy inspired uprisings against foreign rule in Italy –Cavour led nationalists & expelled Austrian authorities in northern Italy, 1859 –Garibaldi controlled southern Italy, returned it to King Vittore Emmanuele, 1860 Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismark ( ) created a unified Germany –In Germany, nationalist rebellion was repressed in 1848 –Bismark provoked 3 wars that swelled German pride –1871, Prussian king proclaimed emperor of the Second Reich