Classification of Living Things N OTES 1. Taxonomy: The branch of science that deals with naming and classifying organisms. A. Classification Vocabulary

2. Autotroph or Producer: an organism that makes its own food using sunlight energy and making glucose. Also some bacteria make food by digesting minerals & chemicals. 3. Heterotroph or Consumer: an organism that cannot make its own food and must eat other organisms in order to get energy.

4. Decomposers: organisms that break down dead organisms into simpler substances, thereby returning important materials to the soil and water.

5. Hosts: organisms that provide a home and/or food for a parasite. 6. Parasite: an organism that survives by living on or in a host organism and causes harm to that organism.

7. Symbiosis: interacting organisms in which at least one creature benefits. 8. Mutualism: a type of symbiosis in which both partners benefit from the relationship.

9. Sexual reproduction: two parents combine their genetic material to produce a new organism. Offspring are different from both parents. 10. Asexual reproduction: involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

B. Groups or levels for classifying living things: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species is a subgroup of

C. Writing the scientific name of a living thing using a word processor: Genus name species name (e.g. Homo sapiens ) D. If you write it by hand then underline: Genus name species name (e.g. Homo sapiens)

E. Six Kingdoms of Living Things Two bacteria kingdoms. Both are single celled Prokaryotes (no nucleus). They reproduce asexually: 1. Archaebacteria: live in extreme environments. They are autotrophs that eat minerals for energy. 2. Eubacteria: live in a variety of environments, but not extreme environments. They contain both autotroph & heterotroph versions.

Typical structure of a Bacterium cell:

General Bacteria Info: Shapes: 1. Spherical-shaped 2. Spiral-shaped 3. Rod-shaped 4. Irregular-shaped

Spherical Shaped

Spiral-shaped

Rod-shaped

Irregular-shaped

Archaebacteria Kingdom

3. Protists: single cell organisms w/ a nucleus (Eukaryotes; e.g. amoeba, diatoms, and slime molds). Three Types of Protists: a)Animal-like: Heterotrophs - they eat other organisms for energy. Amoeba

b)Plant-like: Autotrophs - they make their own food using the sun’s energy. Diatoms Brown Algae Euglenoid

c)Fungus-like: Heterotrophs - they eat other organisms for energy. They break large chemicals into smaller ones, therefore they are decomposers. Slime mold Water mold

4. Fungi: unicellular to multicellular heterotrophs (includes yeasts, molds & mushrooms). Made of eukaryotic cells with a cell wall. They use spores to reproduce. Three more kingdoms to discuss: Fairy RingMushroom

5. Plants: unicellular to multicellular autotrophs (includes mosses, ferns and seed plants). Made of eukaryotic cells with a cell wall. Plants & animals reproduce sexually. However, some creatures from each have both asexual & sexual life cycles.

6. Animals: multicellular heterotrophs (includes those with & without backbones). Made of eukaryotic cells.

Bacteriophage Virus Structure:

Virus life cycle when infecting a bacteria cell.

Stages of Virus Infection: 1.Virus attaches to Bacterium. 2.Virus inserts genetic code into Bacterium. 3.Virus genetic code splices into Bacterium code.

4.New viruses are manufactured by Bacterium. 5.Viruses burst from Bacterium, which destroys it.