Monday April 14, 2014 O Agenda O Turn in your Viruses homework from Friday (to desk) O Discussion: Bacteria/Prokaryotes O Copy notes from board. O Warm Up 1. Pictured to the right is a _____________. 2. There are 3 main components to a __________. 3. They are:________, ________, & _________. 4. They appear in 4 main styles, or structures. They are: 5. Are they living? 6. What life cycle is present in these organisms that lead to outbreaks of infection? O Homework: O Complete the prokaryotes worksheet.

HelicalPolyhedral EnvelopedOthers

Learning Objectives What are the basic characteristics of bacteria? What are the 2 kingdoms of prokaryotes & what differentiates the 2. 3 basic shapes. Identify the basic structure of a prokaryote as well as the additional structures that can be found in certain species. Understand several impacts of bacterial processes. Relate to several species of prokaryote..

Bacteria Prokaryotes = before nucleus. First organisms on Earth Evolving on Earth for last 3.5 – 4 billion years Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Exist in variety of environments

How are bacteria classified? Previously only based on structure & physiology Currently genetics (rRNA sequences) used to distinguish two different kingdoms

Two Kingdoms For Bacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria – found in extreme environments Kingdom Eubacteria (Monera) – bacteria you come in contact with every day

Kingdom Archaebacteria Found in extreme environments

Kingdom Archaebacteria Methanogens Anaerobic (Can’t live in O 2 ) Convert H 2 and CO 2 into Methane Swamps, sewage, guts of cows, termites Extreme Halophiles -salt loving salt beds Thermoacidophiles -live in hot, acidic environments Hydrothermal vents, hot springs

Kingdom Eubacteria Three Shapes Bacilli Cocci Spirilla

Structure of Bacteria All Have: Cell Membrane DNA Cytoplasm Ribosomes Can also have: Capsule Cell Wall Capsules Pili Flagella

Reproduction & Genetic Recombination Reproduces by binary fission How can Genetics be Altered? Transformation - DNA from external environment Conjugation - Transfer of genetic info between 2 bacteria cells via the plasmid Transduction- virus carries DNA from one host bacterium to its next host

Bacterial Impacts: Beneficial “Gut Flora” E. coli- lives in human intestinal tract Aids in break down of food Aids in the formation of vitamin B & K. Up to 1000 different types of bacteria can live in your intestinal tract Food production- Yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream Streptococcus sanfranciscus Lactobacillus acidophilus Environmental Cleanup-oil spills Antibiotic production-Streptomycin

Antibiotics Antibiotics are drugs that combat bacteria by interfering with functions Penicillin-interferes w/ cell wall synthesis Tetracylcine-interferes with protein synthesis Erythromyocine-prevents protein Antibiotic Resistance-increase with increased use of antibiotics Steadily increasing since 1940’s Developed from some bacteria and molds, also chemically synthesized

Bacterial Impacts: Detrimental Produce exotoxins – secreted proteins - causes dehydration Ex. Most bacterial infections Ex. Anthrax Some release endotoxins when they die as cell wall breaks down Example typhoid fever and food poisoning

Bacteria and Disease Pathology is the study of disease Necrotizing fasciitis Staphylococcus infection

Bacterial Species

Phylum Cyanobacteria Oldest bacteria Photosynthetic

Phylum Spirochetes Spiral shaped Aerobic bacteria = needs O 2 Ex. Syphilis, Lyme Disease

Phylum Gram-Positive Bacteria Source of some antibiotics Pathogenic- Ex. Strep throat

Phylum Proteobacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) Largest & Most diverse group Some bacteria can convert chemicals in minerals into energy Some live in human intestinal tract

Classwork/Homework Complete the worksheet. Use CH20 as a resource. Due tomorrow: 25pts HW