Maladaptive Behaviors Among Athletes: Part 2 Chapter 20: Doping in Sports Alcohol Abuse Among Athletes Psychology of Sport Nov 13-16, 2009 Classes #33-34

Doping  The use of an expedient (substance) which is potentially harmful but can enhance an athletes performance International Olympic Committee (2005)

Why do they do it?  Faustian Philosophy Win at all costs  14% said they would take a pill that would make them a world- class athlete but would also kill them in 10 years  3% would still take the pill if it would kill them in 5 years

Psychological Stressors Unique to Athletes  Time Management How to fit athletics with academics and social activities.  Performance Issues The athlete’s opinion of their abilities/performance, as well as teammates and coaches opinions.  Self Esteem Can be driven to a large part by how they perform as an athlete.

Today’s Student-Athlete  Who are they?  What do they believe?  What substances are they using?  How can we help them?

Today’s Student-Athlete: Who Are They?  They don’t know Len Bias.  They weren’t around when he died in 1986 of a cocaine overdose.

Today’s Student-Athlete: Who Are They?  They weren’t born when the NCAA membership passed drug testing legislation in 1986  They weren’t born when Brian Bosworth wore his “NCAA” t- shirt (National Communists Against Athletes) on national TV after failing a pre- bowl drug test that same year.

Today’s Student-Athlete: Who Are They?  This year’s freshman class wasn’t even born in 1988 – the year Ben Johnson tested positive for steroids at the Olympics in Seoul

Today’s Student-Athlete: Who Are They?  They more likely know the name of an athlete who died after using ephedra.

Ephedra  The National Football League banned players from using ephedra as a dietary supplement in 2001 after the death of Minnesota Vikings offensive tackle Korey Stringer  The substance is also banned by the National Basketball Association

Today’s Student-Athlete: Who Are They?  They are more likely to have used someone else’s Ritalin or Adderall or know someone who has.

Today’s Student-Athlete: Who Are They?  They might know this player used “andro” and that it was legal  But probably can’t name a pro football player who injected steroids and died from cancer Can you?

Today’s Student-Athlete: Who Are They?  A generation that we can’t assume fully understands the negative side effects of taking steroids: Acne and cysts Male pattern baldness Facial hair Depression Suicidal thoughts

What Do They Believe? Most college athletes support drug testing by their schools and the NCAA. College athletes should be randomly tested by NCAA. NCAA drug testing deters use.

What Substances Are Athletes Using?  Most athletes do not use drugs.  Drug and supplement use differs between sports.  Use began in high school or middle school.

Drug Use  Major problems facing sport today Growing attention Deaths of elite athletes Increasing attention of media  Contrary to the ethical principles of athletic competition  Wide spread among athletes

The BALCO Scandal  Scandal involving the use of banned substances by professional athletes  The Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative was a San Francisco Bay Area business accused of supplying steroids to Major League Baseball players  The incident surrounds a 2002 US Federal government investigation of the laboratory

The BALCO Scandal  Founded in 1984 by Victor Conte  Sport supplement company  Types of drugs included Erythropoietin, Human Growth Hormone, Modafinil, Testosterone cream, and Tetrahydrogestrinone

Bonds is still being investigated...

 Supplement use among general adolescent population from 19 – 25%  Among HS athletes, between 23 – 58%  Supplement use increases as age, grade and number of sports increase

 Girls cite – lose weight, lose fat and look good  Boys cite – gain weight, increase muscle size and lose body fat  6.8% of male HS seniors and 5.3% of female HS seniors have used steroids  38% started before age 16

Drug & Supplement Use Differs Between Sports Men’s Lacrosse  7.0% amphetamines  2.2% steroids  5.5% ephedrine  47.9% marijuana  32.2% spit tobacco

Drug & Supplement Use Differs Between Sports Women’s Soccer  4.6% amphetamines  0.5% steroids  6.7 % ephedrine  32.4% marijuana  3.5% spit tobacco

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS  CNS Stimulants Amphetamines  Delay fatigue, increase alertness, enhance speed, power, endurance, concentration Hypertension, angina, vomiting, abdominal pain, cerebral hemorrhage, dependence, death

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS  CNS Stimulants Caffeine  Shortened reaction time, improved concentration, diuresis  Glycogen sparing leading to delayed fatigue  > 12 ug/mL is a positive urine per IOC Dyspepsia, cardiac damage, combination with other stimulants (e.g. ephedrine) may be fatal

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS  Systemic stimulants Adrenalin  In local anesthetics Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine  Cold and allergy remedies Phenylpropanolamine  Diet pills Similar effects to the amphetamines in high doses

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS  Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) Derivatives of testosterone First use generally later than other drugs Drug and method sought for maximum anabolic and minimum androgenic properties Sprinting, weight lifting, body building Acne, abnormal LFTs, feminization, virilization, premature closure of the epiphysial plates, behavioral changes “roid rage”, CVAs, cardiomyopathy

Adonis Complex  AAS use prevalent among adolescents

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS  Beta 2 agonists Isoproterenol, epinephrine, norepinephrine Sympathomimetic amines, anabolic properties Cardiac arrhythmias in overdose, headaches  Peptide hormones: HCG Increases testosterone Maintains testicular volume with anabolic steroid use Ovarian cysts

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS  Pituitary and synthetic gonadotropins Increases testosterone, anti-estrogenic Ovarian cysts  Corticotropins Increase testosterone Rare and related to excess corticosteroids- pituitary suppression,  immunity, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS  Human Growth Hormones (HGH) Increase muscle mass & decrease fat mass Gigantism, acromegaly, hypothyroidism, cardiac disease, myopathies, arthritis, diabetes mellitus, impotence, osteoporosis

HGH Offers… StrengthGrowth Bone strength Tissue repair Protein formation Problems… Considered cheating Highly counterfeited Acromegaly –excessive growth... Hands/feet enlarge, and jaw protrudes © 2006 The National Center for Drug Free Sport

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS  Erythropoietin (EPO) Stimulates RBC production Increases oxygen carrying capacity CVAs  Blood doping RBC transfusion, artificial oxygen carriers Increases oxygen carrying capacity Allergic reactions, sludging of blood

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS  Diuretics and other masking agents Misused in sports requiring precise weight management  Boxing, gymnastics, and wrestling are examples

Gene Doping  Non-therapeutic use of cells, genes, genetic elements, or the modulation of gene expression to enhance athletic performance is prohibited

FOOD SUPPLEMENTS  Viewed as legal means of gaining edge  % of athletes use vs. 50% general population  May or may not contribute to enhanced performance Creatine, colostrum, antioxidants, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, proteins, amino acids Adverse effects not investigated

Stop Giving Mixed Messages Alcohol sponsorships Dietary supplement sponsorships

This would be better...

NCAA Initiatives for Student-Athlete Well-Being  Health and Safety  Alcohol and Other Drugs  Nutrition and Performance  Mental Health Promotion  GLBT issues  Hazing Prevention

College Students: Alcohol is Still #1  Use Within Last 30 days:  Alcohol 70%  Tobacco 20%  Marijuana 19%  Other drugs 3%

Alcohol and Athletes  We expect athletes to avoid alcohol because their success depends on physical & mental health  However, athletes use at a higher rate than non-athletes  80% of athletes use alcohol  Higher rates of heavy drinking among athletes

Alcohol and Athletes More athletes report experiencing alcohol- related harms than non-athletes. These include… Academic problems Academic problems Emergency room visits Emergency room visits Getting into trouble with the police Getting into trouble with the police

We’ll present the facts…you decide. Alcohol Interferes with the loading of carbohydrates in muscles (muscle glycogen synthesis), Interferes with the loading of carbohydrates in muscles (muscle glycogen synthesis), Lengthens the recovery and rehabilitation from injury. Lengthens the recovery and rehabilitation from injury. Alcohol and Athletic Performance Jacqueline R. Berning, Ph.D., R.D. University of Colorado 1996

Alcohol and Athletes Moderate use (2-3 drinks)… Reduces motor coordination for up to 12 to 18 hours after drinking. Reduces motor coordination for up to 12 to 18 hours after drinking. Results in decreased aerobic capacity and negative impact on endurance for up to 48 hours after the last drink has been consumed. Results in decreased aerobic capacity and negative impact on endurance for up to 48 hours after the last drink has been consumed.

Alcohol and Athletes Moderate use (2-3 drinks)… Can cut supplies of vitamins to below normal levels. Can cut supplies of vitamins to below normal levels. The body excretes calcium at twice the normal rate The body excretes calcium at twice the normal rate Sleep patterns are affected by even moderate alcohol intake Sleep patterns are affected by even moderate alcohol intake Middlebury College - Middlebury, Vermont,

The days after Alcohol negatively effects performance 25 to 48 hours after the last drink Alcohol negatively effects performance 25 to 48 hours after the last drink The reduction in quality of training and sleep in the period after its consumption, may cause a reduction in performance over the days following this period. The reduction in quality of training and sleep in the period after its consumption, may cause a reduction in performance over the days following this period.

Alcohol interferes with… recovery recovery protein synthesis protein synthesis hydration hydration glycogen synthesis glycogen synthesis motivation motivation mood mood nutrient intake nutrient intake sleep sleep

Alcohol The liver treats alcohol like a poison. The liver treats alcohol like a poison. Drinkers throw up to prevent death by alcohol toxicity Drinkers throw up to prevent death by alcohol toxicity Alcohol is a solvent that adversely affects every human cell except fat Alcohol is a solvent that adversely affects every human cell except fat *sources-NCAA.org and ALAC.org

Alcohol Alcohol is a depressant Alcohol is a depressant (blocks acetylcholine = decreased serotonin) Alcohol leads to decreased GABA, leading to anxiety and depression symptoms long after drinking Alcohol leads to decreased GABA, leading to anxiety and depression symptoms long after drinking 3 college students die each day of alcohol related problems 3 college students die each day of alcohol related problems *sources-NCAA.org and ALAC.org

Credits  Some slides in this presentation prepared by the following website: /Athletes%20substance%20abuse%20and%20peak% 20performance.ppt#267,2,Athletes, substance use, and peak performance