VALUES INTRODUCTION, TYPES, SOURCES

Definition Values are relatively permanent desires that seem to be good in themselves. James Stoner, Freeman and Gilbert Values are the constellation of likes, dislikes, viewpoints, inner inclinations, rational and irrational judgments, prejudices and association patterns that determine the person’s view of the world. Spranger Values describe the relationship between a person and an environmental situation which evokes an appreciative response in an individual. Titus

Characteristics of Values I. Values provide standards of morality. Our moral standards are based on our value system. II. Values are at the core of personality and strongly affect behavior of an individual. III. Values are the guiding force to take specific decisions in specific societal issues. IV. Values are the beliefs that guide actions and judgments across a variety of situations. They help in deciding what is right or desirable. V. Values cultivate love and understanding VI. Values are concerned with internal development of the person, purifying mind and heart. VII. They provide the standard of morality. VIII. Values are a means of perfection. IX. Values refer to intrinsic worth or goodness. X. Values have both content and intensity attributes. Content tells which conduct is important and intensity specifies how important it is.

TYPES OF VALUES CORE VALUES VALUES WHICH REMAIN RELATIVELY STABLE. THEY ARE A PART OF HUMAN BEING’S BASIC VALUES SYSTEM THAT ARE ASSIMILATED DEEP INSIDE HIM/HER DURING EARLY SOCIALIZATION.

TYPES OF VALUES CONTD. PERIPHERAL VALUES VALUES WHICH CHANGE MUCH FASTER OVER THE COURSE OF TIME. RESEARCH SHOWS THAT INDIVIDUAL’S CORE VALUES HARDLY CHANGE WHILE PERIPHERAL VALUES TEND TO CHANGE MORE EASILY. PERIPHERAL VALUES ARE NOT PRIMARY BASIC VALUES AND ARE THERFORE AFFECTED BY SURROUNDING PRESSURES OR SOCIETAL TRENDS.

DIFFERENT RESEARCHERS CONSIDER WORK CENTRALITY AS PART OF THE CORE VALUES WHILE WORK GOALS ARE CONSIDERED PERIPHERAL VALUES

ALLPORT’S VALUE CLASSIFICATION ECONOMIC THEORETIC POLITICAL SOCIAL AESTHETIC RELIGIOUS

GRAVE’S CLASSIFICATION EXISTENTIALISM- Orientation of behaviour in context with existing realities CONFORMISTIC- Orientation towards achievement of material beliefs through control over physical resources SOCIOCENTRIC- Orientation towards getting well with people TRIBALISTIC- Orientation towards safety by submitting to power EGOCENTRIC- Orientation to survival and power

ENGLAND’S CLASSIFICATION PRAGMATIC HE/SHE OPTS FOR CONCEPTS AND ACTIONS WHICH APPEAR TO HIM AS IMPORTANT AND SUCCESSFUL IRRESPECTIVE OF GOOD OR BAD. MORALIST GUIDED BY ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF RIGHT OR WRONG, HONEST OR DIDHONEST

ROKEACH’S CLASSIFICATION TERMINAL VALUES These are the values that a person wants to achieve during his life time. They represent the end state or the purpose of person’s existence INSTRUMENTAL VALUES These relate to means for achieving the desired results. They refer to preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving the terminal values.

VALUE SYSTEM OF INDIAN MANAGERS INDIAN MANAGERS ARE MORE Pragmatic THAN MORALIST. NEPOTISM, BRIBES, PERSONAL FAVOURS, UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES ARE ROUTINE AFFAIRS IN INDIA IN WORK VALUES, INDIAN MANAGERS TEND TO: MONEY ORIENTATION DURING EARLY DAYS OF CAREER AND LATER SHIFT TO JOB SATISFACTION AND AT THE END OF THEIR CARRER GIVE IMPORTANCE TO INTANGIBLE VALUE LIKE STATUS

VALUE SYSTEM OF INDIAN MANAGERS CONTD. INDIAN MANAGERS TEND TO GIVE IMPORTANCE TO VARIOUS OCCUPATIONAL VALUES IN ORDER OF: FREE FROM SUPERVISION ADVENTUROUS EXPERIENCE/CHALLENGES SOCIAL STATUS AND PRESTIGE EXERCISE LEADERSHIP AND CONTROL OVER OTHERS CHANCES TO EARN GOOD DEAL OF MONEY STABLE AND SECURE FUTURE.

Factors affecting values INSTITUTIONS There are various institutions in society which inculcate values in individual like: Family Religious institutions, schools, cultural and social institutions. These institutions influence an individual’s life in taking decisions of what is right or wrong. PEERS AND COLLEAGUES In process of interaction, individual develops attitudes, beliefs and values from his group members whom he likes. SITUATIONAL FACTORS Situations are unforeseen and an individual changes his values according to the situation. PERSONAL FACTORS Personal attributes such as ability, intelligence, educational level etc. also determine an individual’s values. ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES Organizations where an individual works also shape his value system. Individuals prefer working in those organizations which have a similar value system as their own individual value system.

Your age will greatly influence your values. Different people and things influence you at different ages: Ages parents Ages teachers, heroes (sports, rocks, TV) Ages peers (values because of peers or peers because of values?) Ages 21+ your values are established, but you may test your values from time to time.

RELAVANCE OF HUMAN VALUES DECISION MAKING Values help in making the decisions which are beneficial for the society and organizations. HARMONY Values help in establishing harmonious relationships amongst individuals and all other members of society as it promotes love for mankind. PEACE Values promote peace which is necessary for growth and development of society. VALUE BASED LEADERSHIP As the values in the society are eroding very fast, the society needs value based leaders who can lead society in a right direction.

“It’s not doing things right, but doing the right things”