THE SIXTIES: A DECADE OF PROTEST AND CHANGE

Agenda 4/10 1. Notes: the 1960s    2. Test      

The Kennedy Presidency, 1960-1963 Election of 1960 JFK defeated Nixon thanks to TV Youngest pres. elected Domestic policy under JFK: New Frontier Peace Corps Space Race: John Glenn orbits earth, Armstrong & Aldrin are first on the moon

Foreign Policy Under JFK Soviets build Berlin Wall in 1961 Cuba Leader Fidel Castro had Soviet support Bay of Pigs Invasion= failed US attempt to invade Cuba Cuban Missile Crisis= Kennedy successfully convinced the Soviets to remove their missiles from Cuba Closest the world ever came to nuclear war**

JFK Assassination Nov. 22, 1963 Dallas, TX

The Johnson Presidency, 1963-1968 The Great Society “War on Poverty” CRA of 1964 VRA of 1965 Medicare Job Corps Economic Opp. Act Immigration Act of 1965= identical quotas (limits) for the number of immigrants each country can send to the US

Agenda 4/10 1. Notes 2. Court Cases jigsaw activity **Review TOMORROW 9-12

The Women’s Liberation Movement Aka Feminist Movement Reasons: Dissatisfaction CRM influence “Sexual Revolution” Betty Friedan– wrote The Feminine Mystique Housewives are unhappy Helped for the National Organization of Women (NOW)

The Women’s Liberation Movement Achievements: Better educational opportunities (affirmative action) Equal Pay Act= same pay for same work Roe v. Wade (1973)- legalized abortion within the first 3 months of pregnancy Title IX- guarantees girls the same opportunities as boys in school

The Expanding Struggle for Equal Rights: Increasing African-American Militancy Black Power= blacks should be economically, culturally, and politically independent from whites Other militant groups Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Black Muslims Malcolm X Muslim leader who questions MLK’s nonviolent approach. Blacks should achieve rights “by any means necessary”.

The Expanding Struggle for Equal Rights: Increasing African-American Militancy Many blacks in the north lived in ghettos Riots erupted following the assassination of MLK

The Expanding Struggle for Equal Rights: The Chicano Movement Hector Perez Garcia– Texan who was first Mexican American to serve on Commission on Civil Rights Cesar Chavez– organized successful grape boycott for improved wages/conditions for farm workers Dolores Huerta– helped Chavez form the United Farm Workers

The American Indian Movement (AIM) Slogan: “Red Power” Indians sought greater respect for their heritage Temporary occupied gov. monument at Wounded Knee

The “Youth Culture” of the Sixties Aka counterculture Influenced by rock music Hippies 26th Amendment– lowered voting age to 18

The Vietnam War, 1954-1973 Background: Ho Chi Minh- Vietnamese nationalist leader Geneva Conference Divided Vietnam (N was communist, S wasn’t) Planned to reunite after elections Vietcong (Southern Commies) & North Vietnamese attacked SV government

The War under JFK, 1960-1963 Domino theory= if a nation becomes communist, then the surrounding nations will too, and on and on…

The War under LBJ, 1963-1968 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- LBJ could send troops to war (escalation) w/o a declaration from Congress New weapons: napalm (gas jelly) and Agent Orange (herbicide) Destroyed the jungle

The War under LBJ, 1963-1968 Tet Offensive- Vietcong launched attack against SV, capturing major cities including Saigon Turning point: Americans realize victory is far away Roy Benavidez- Texan who won medal of honor for efforts in Vietnam

The War under LBJ, 1963-1968 Increasing difficulties for the US: $25B/year Ho Chi Minh= “father” of Vietnam Vietcong guerilla warfare Growing discontent: the Anti-War Movement Media shaped public opinion (1st war on TV) “credibility gap”– difference between what Pres. LBJ said & what journalists reported

Agenda 4/14 1. finish Vietnam notes 2. court case flashcard activity

The War under Nixon, 1969-1973 LBJ chose not to run for reelection Nixon promised “peace w/honor” during campaign Henry Kissinger- Nixon’s Sec. of State Vietnamization= US troops gradually withdraw as SV takes over fighting Secret bombing of Laos & Cambodia Nixon negotiated w/NV’s allies (China & USSR)

The War under Nixon, 1969-1973 Anti-war demonstration at Kent State University leaves 4 students dead “silent majority”= Nixon’s supporters who quietly still supported the war Pentagon Papers- leaked documents that showed that several presidents before Nixon lied to the public about Vietnam

The War under Nixon, 1969-1973 The fall of Saigon marked the end of the war (1975) US troops withdrew in 1973 Legacy of the Vietnam War Over 58,000 Americans killed (1m + Vietnamese) Economic: ended some Great Society programs; led to inflation War Powers Resolution (1973): Pres. must inform Congress within 48 hours of sending troops to fight overseas. If Congress doesn’t approve within 60 days, the Pres. must withdraw the troops.

Post-war Literature, Art, and Music Beat Generation writers Care-free, reckless, fresh approach Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac Music: Rock and roll: Elvis, Little Richard Motown

Post-war Literature, Art, and Music Jackson Pollock Andy Warhol

Mendez v. Westminster ISD– segregation of children of a group was illegal w/o a special state law requiring it Delgado v. Bastrop ISD– segregated Mexican American children in Texas is illegal Hernandez v. Texas–Mexican Americans, though not a separate race, are entitled to class protection under the 14th Amendment White v. Regester– allowed single-member districts to elect their own representatives Edgewood ISD v. Kirby– required changes in school finance to increase funding for schools in poorer school districts