Stem Cells: Miracle Cure? Avionna Baldwin J. Onyi Oradiegwu SAMS 2008

Replacing diseased or injured tissues with tissue constructs designed and fabricated for the specific needs of each individual patient. What are Biomaterials? A material intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ or function in the body. What is Tissue Engineering/ Regenerative Medicine?

Still thousands die while waiting for a transplant, and thousands more aren’t even on the list. 400 bil: ½ of national health care bill goes to patients with organ failure, or tissue loss

Five hottest jobs for the next millennium will be bioengineering/biomedical related. Tissue Engineering Hottest job for 21 st Century

No One Discipline Can Tackle the Problem Alone Lee Weiss, Carnegie Mellon

Right Cells Right Cells Right Hormones Right Hormones Right ECM Right ECM The Basic Three Rs of Tissue Engineering The Basic Three Rs of Tissue Engineering Signaling Molecules Matrices Cells Healing Normal Wound Repair Requires a Balance of Processes

Cells Growth factors Biomimetic extracellular matrix Culture Implant If needed, harvest cells from patient. Guided Tissue Repair Lee Weiss, Carnegie Mellon

Principles of Tissue Engineering Cells ECM Hormones Blood Supply DefectRegeneration Phil Campbell, Carnegie Mellon

What about the cells? Adult stem cells look promising for some applications Embryonic stem cells great potential, controversial The right hormones can induce these cells to become a variety of cell types

A cell that is able to differentiate into many cell types is known as pluripotent – Can’t grow into a totally new indiv. Because they don’t make extraembryonic structures like placenta A cell that is able to differentiate into all cell types is known as totipotent. – Can go full on into a new indiv. They can make a placenta – Amazing: plants are way easier to find totipotent cells in Beast boy can turn into any animal

chondrocyte muscle cell osteoblast Adult Muscle- Derived Stem Cells (MDSCs) adipocyte hematopoetic/endothelial cells hepatocyte/urinary bladder cells Pancreatic islets?? nerve cells/neurons/glial cells

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC’s)

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC’s)

Modified Cell Stem Cell Induction or Derivation.

Adult Stem Cell Derivation

Stem Cell Differentiation Princeton University

Stem Cell Cultivation University of Wisconsin-Madison

Human Stem Cell Production

Tissue origins Embryonic cells present molecules on their membranes that aid in the early organizing process – Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

You’ve got stem cells in you right now Note: Progenitor cells: a term like stem cells, but less restrictive Adults have stem cells in blood marrow. – They’re multipotent, but not pluripotent – Might have suffered ravages of time, sunlight, and toxins, that come with aging There are also stem cells in umbilical cords Embryonic stem cells = controversy Bo is like a pluripotent athlete.

Spinal Cord Upper and Lower Jaw Upper and Lower Jaw Limb Retina and Lens An Ultimate Vision for Regenerative Medicine: Complete Tissue Regeneration Adapted from Brockes Tail Heart The Newt From Dr. Susan Bryant, Univ. of Calif., Irvine Phil Campbell, Carnegie Mellon

And lots of tissue engineering research looks very promising For example, tissue-engineered nerve guides for treatment of spinal cord injuries

After induced put in the video and see the clip to implement the stem cell

Millions of People in the US Have Medical Implants Associated with a $50 billion/year Medical Device Industry Medical Implants

FDA approved products Infuse Bone Graft Bone morphogenetic protein-7, Osteogenic peptide-1 Regranex Carticel Transcyte Intergra Dermal Regeneration Template Dermagraft Apligraft Ortec

Short form: Know the argument Proponents – They’re from embryos that are slated for destruction anyway – Great potential for good – Superman was for it Only for embryoes that were going to be discarded Opponents – Destroys embryos – Devalues worth of human

Hot research area: harvest embryonic stem cells without destroying the embryo.

Proponents Argument in depth – Embryonic stem cells are more useful – Utilitarian The benefits of stem cell research outweigh the cost in terms of embryonic "life“ – human potential vs humanity The value of an embryo should not be placed on par with the value of a child or adult Life starts with a heartbeat – Ends justify the means – Efficiency If an embryo is going to be destroyed anyway, isn't it more efficient to make practical use of it? In Vitro Fertilization makes thousands of unusable embryos

Opponents arguments in depth – Embryos are lives Life starts at conception Note Roe v. Wade said life = viability, ability to survive outside of womb, medical advancements have pushed this back to 22 weeks. Could trend continue? – Exploring alternative therapeutic options We’ve studied adult stem cells longer and have more therapies with them that with embryonic – The potential is overstated

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