From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 5.1. These figures all have the same area.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 5.2. The two columns of figures have the same shapes, but their areas differ.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 5.3. Conformal maps show shapes correctly for small areas, but the overall form is distorted.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 5.4. Comparison of equal-area (homolosine) and conformal (Mercator) projections.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 5.5. Projection surfaces with areas of least deformation.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 5.6. The Mercator projection.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 5.7. A rhumb line (line of constant compass direction) on a Mercator projection.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 5.8. Cylindrical equal-area projection.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 5.9. The Peters projection.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Aspects of projections.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Formation of the transverse Mercator projection.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Transverse Mercator projection for the earth (the dotted lines represent the conventional Mercator).

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Albers’ conic equal-area projection for the northern hemisphere.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Spacing of the parallels for the commonly used plane (azimuthal) projections.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure The moon on an orthographic projection.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure The stereographic projection showing two hemispheres (from Jedidiah Morse, Universal Geography, 1797).

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure The gnomonic projection centered on the north pole. This projection cannot show an entire hemisphere.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure The gnomonic and the Mercator can be used together in navigating a great circle route. The great circle route is plotted on the gnomonic, and short constant-compass legs are plotted on the Mercator.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure The azimuthal equidistant projection.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure The sinusoidal projection.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure The Mollweide or homolographic projection.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Goode’s homolosine projection, interrupted.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure The Robinson projection.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Interrupted and condensed projection.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure Dot distribution on Mercator (conformal) and Goode’s homolosine (equal area).

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure “Geographical projection.” This projection has no special properties and is very distorted.

From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press.