Notes: 1. Exam corrections and assignment 3 due today. 2. Last exam – last day of class 3. Chapter 24 reading assignment - pgs. 704 – New website: ww.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~pavek/ 5. EC

22 “” “ Spatial Behavior ” Human Neuropsychology (486 / 686) Lecture Chapter 21.

Organization of Spatial Behavior Topographic memory Cognitive Maps

Topographic Disorientation 1. Topographic Agnosia - Inability to identify individual landmarks 2. Topographic Amnesia - Inability to remember the relationship between landmarks a. Retrograde Spatial Amnesia b. Anterograde Spatial Amnesia

Brain Regions in Spatial Disorientation

The Dorsal and Ventral Streams Dorsal Stream Actions toward or away from objects Egocentric Ventral Stream Complex actions that use objects for references Allocentric

Types of Spatial Behavior Route Following - Follow a road or path to a specific object/location Piloting - Ability to find a place that is not directly marked by a route or cue

Types of Spatial Behavior Dead Reckoning - Depends on cues generated by one’s own movement

Temporal Lobes and Spatial Behavior Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map food finding (piloting) dead reckoning

Place Cells Discharge when an animal is in a certain place in an environment Maintain activity in the dark When the environment is rotated, cells discharge according to new pattern Prefer visual cues Will respond to a single visual cue; stop responding when that cue is randomly moved May be active in only one environment Activity linked to the ability to move

Head Direction Cells Discharge when the rat points its head in a particular direction and fire as long as the head is facing that direction Influenced by surrounding cues and can change orientation depending on the cues of the environment Continue to fire in the dark Work in the horizontal and vertical plane Part of constantly active network

Grid Cells Discharge at regular spatial intervals that mark nodes Nodes represent points throughout the environment and form a grid Orient to different cues and can be influenced by direction

Single-Cell Recording Within the Hippocampal Formation

Parietal and Frontal Lobes and Spatial Behavior Parietal Lobes - Right-hemisphere damage produces deficits in localization and depth perception Frontal Lobes - Working memory impairments for spatial location Route following

Individual Differences in Spatial Ability Sex-Related Differences Male advantage Males use spatial mapping; Females use landmarks What accounts for the difference? Genetic contributions Hormones