Europe Loses Balance: Road to World War I Mr. Ermer World History Honors Miami Beach Senior High

Nationalism & Alliances Liberals believed European nation-states, would work together…they didn’t Liberals believed European nation-states, would work together…they didn’t Promoted rivalries and competition Promoted rivalries and competition Nations built world-wide empires Nations built world-wide empires The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente constantly trying to preserve national pwr The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente constantly trying to preserve national pwr Trouble in the Balkans makes for hard feelings b/w European powers Trouble in the Balkans makes for hard feelings b/w European powers Not all “nations” had benefited from nationalism Not all “nations” had benefited from nationalism

Europe Colonizes Africa

European Colonies in East Asia

Militarism In Europe Socialist groups use violent strikes to achieve goals, causing class division Socialist groups use violent strikes to achieve goals, causing class division Conservative leaders look for control Conservative leaders look for control Military build-ups cause tensions Military build-ups cause tensions Military drafts help swell army ranks Military drafts help swell army ranks Nations make aggressive preparations for war Nations make aggressive preparations for war Militarism, nationalism and a want to crush internal dissent create tension Militarism, nationalism and a want to crush internal dissent create tension

“Till the world comes to an end, the ultimate decision will rest with the sword”

War: Summer of 1914 Serbians rise against Ottoman Empire for independence, Russia helps Serbians rise against Ottoman Empire for independence, Russia helps Austrians don’t want their Slavs getting ideas from Serbians, block Serbian action Austrians don’t want their Slavs getting ideas from Serbians, block Serbian action June 28, 1914: Bosnian terrorist group, The Black Hand, assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand (future Austrian king) June 28, 1914: Bosnian terrorist group, The Black Hand, assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand (future Austrian king) Serbia rejects Austria-Hungary’s peace offer, due to ridiculous terms/demands Serbia rejects Austria-Hungary’s peace offer, due to ridiculous terms/demands With Germany’s “full support” Austria- Hungary attacks Serbia on July 28 With Germany’s “full support” Austria- Hungary attacks Serbia on July 28

Conflict Grows Russia had prepared for war with Austria- Hungary and Germany, so it mobilizes for war with both, Germany declares war Russia had prepared for war with Austria- Hungary and Germany, so it mobilizes for war with both, Germany declares war Germany’s Schlieffen Plan calls for war with Russia, and France—first hold Russians, then invade France, with control of France, then get Russia—August 3 Germany’s Schlieffen Plan calls for war with Russia, and France—first hold Russians, then invade France, with control of France, then get Russia—August 3 Aug 4: Britain declares war on Germany bringing all the great European pwrs to war Aug 4: Britain declares war on Germany bringing all the great European pwrs to war

Illusions & Stalemate Before war, nations thought diplomacy and avoidance would solve problems Before war, nations thought diplomacy and avoidance would solve problems Nations begin to stir up national hatred by using propaganda, all think they’re right Nations begin to stir up national hatred by using propaganda, all think they’re right Most thought war would last just weeks Most thought war would last just weeks As Germans move toward Paris, they are stopped at Battle of Marne (Sept 6-10) As Germans move toward Paris, they are stopped at Battle of Marne (Sept 6-10) Both sides dig in, and don’t move for four years in brutal trench warfare Both sides dig in, and don’t move for four years in brutal trench warfare Russians lose key battles in east Germany, but defeat the Austrians Russians lose key battles in east Germany, but defeat the Austrians Italy backs out of alliance, joins France, Britain & Russia in what they called the Allied Powers Italy backs out of alliance, joins France, Britain & Russia in what they called the Allied Powers

The Great Slaughter of Trench warfare was unexpected, military commanders had no clue how to fight it Trench warfare was unexpected, military commanders had no clue how to fight it Tactics cause many deaths, barely work Tactics cause many deaths, barely work Verdun, France:700,000 deaths in 10 mos. Verdun, France:700,000 deaths in 10 mos. 1915: Airplanes introduced to war 1915: Airplanes introduced to war Germany uses Zeppelins to bomb England Germany uses Zeppelins to bomb England World War I becomes war of attrition, each side just tries to wear out the other by constantly attacking without end World War I becomes war of attrition, each side just tries to wear out the other by constantly attacking without end

World Wide War Both side look for new partners Both side look for new partners Ottoman Empire joins Germany’s side, called the Central Powers, Bulgaria joins Ottoman Empire joins Germany’s side, called the Central Powers, Bulgaria joins Allied Powers land in Bulgaria, lose bad Allied Powers land in Bulgaria, lose bad British officer T.E. Lawrence “of Arabia” gets Arabian princes to rise against Turks British officer T.E. Lawrence “of Arabia” gets Arabian princes to rise against Turks British bring soldiers from India, Australia and New Zealand to take over Middle East British bring soldiers from India, Australia and New Zealand to take over Middle East Allied Powers, with help of Japan, take over German colonies around world while Germany concentrates on war in Europe Allied Powers, with help of Japan, take over German colonies around world while Germany concentrates on war in Europe

Entry of the United States At first United States stays out of the war At first United States stays out of the war British navy blocks ships from Germany British navy blocks ships from Germany German submarines bomb British ships German submarines bomb British ships May 7, 1915: Germans bomb Lusitania killing over 100 American citizens May 7, 1915: Germans bomb Lusitania killing over 100 American citizens U.S. angry, Germans suspend sub warfare U.S. angry, Germans suspend sub warfare British navy has edge, Germans launch subs British navy has edge, Germans launch subs 1917: U.S. enters war against Central Powers 1917: U.S. enters war against Central Powers

Total War Complete mobilization of resources Complete mobilization of resources When first wave of war fails, governments expand powers to fight, draft more men When first wave of war fails, governments expand powers to fight, draft more men Free market put on hold, gov’t takes control transportation, industry, supplies Free market put on hold, gov’t takes control transportation, industry, supplies Food rations, controlled prices and wages Food rations, controlled prices and wages Governments use propaganda to drum up support for the war efforts, exaggerate what the other side is doing Governments use propaganda to drum up support for the war efforts, exaggerate what the other side is doing Women enjoy new freedom as men go to war, provides push for women suffrage Women enjoy new freedom as men go to war, provides push for women suffrage

Work On It: On page 413, write and answer questions 1-4