Chapter 1 Structure of matter Chapter 2 Nuclear transformation

The nucleus A the mass number (Nproton+ Nneutron) Z the atomic number (Nproton ) isotope same Nproton, different Nneutron isotone same Nneutron, different Nproton isobar same (Nneutron+ Nproton), different Nproton isomer  same Nproton, same Nproton, different nuclear energy state

Charts of isotopes Z=N Isotone Isotope Isobar

Atomic mass and energy units 1 amu = mass of =1.6610-27 kg 1 eV =1 V1.602 10-19 C =1.602 10-19 J Einstein’s principle of equivalence of mass and energy

Decay constant ()

Activity 1 Ci =3.71010 disintegrations/sec =3.71010 dps =3.71010 Bq

The half-life (T1/2) & the mean life (T)

Radioactive equilibrium

Transient equilibrium T1>T2 (1<2) Transient equilibrium time activity

Secular equilibrium T1>>T2 (1<<2) A2 = A1 activity time activity

 particle decay Q = the disintegration energy = the difference in mass between the parent nucleus and product nuclei E   510 MeV (discrete energy)

Negatron(-) emission An excessive number of neutrons or a high neutron-to-proton (n/p) ratio anti-neutrino Q = the difference in mass between and the sum of the masses of and the particles emitted.

Positron(+) emission A deficit of neutrons or a low n/p ratio neutrino Annihilation 0.511 MeV photon + positron  free electron

The -ray spectrum The average energy of the  particles is approximately Emax/3.

Electron capture The unstable nuclei with neutron deficiency may increase their n/p ratio by EC. An alternative process to the positron decay K capture characteristic x-rays (L or M capture) Auger electrons

Characteristic radiation An empty hole in a shell is filled by electron from outer shell with an emission of characteristic radiation. discrete energy h=EK - EL hole K L M

Auger Electrons The absorption of characteristic x-rays by orbital electrons and reemission of the energy in the form of monoenergetic electrons discrete energy E=h-EM=EK – EL-EM K L M hole

Nuclear reactions (1) The , p reaction The , n reaction Threshold energy AX (, p) A+3Y The , n reaction Proton bombardment Deuteron bombardment

Nuclear reactions (2) Neutron bombardment Photon disintegration Neutron, no electric charge effective in penetrating the nuclei and producing nuclear reactions n,  reaction Photon disintegration Fission Chain reaction Fusion

Activation of nuclides The yield of a nuclear reaction The number of bombarding particles The number of target nuclei The probability of the occurrence Cross-section 1 barn = 10-24 cm2 The growth of activity Saturation activity

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