A Brazilian Perspective on Bioenergy Issues “Future of Forest Bioenergy” Stockholm, 2007 Prof. Donato Aranda Federal Univ. Rio de Janeiro

 1925: First experiments with ethanol/gasoline blends  1975: Ethanol program started after the 1st oil crisis  1989: Leaded Gasoline forbiden.  1993: E-20 to E-25 mandatory in all the country (33,000 gas stations)  2003: Flex Fuel engines  2006: 80% of new vehicles are Flex (2.5 million/year)  615 million ton of CO 2 avoided emissions, so far Ethanol Program in Brazil

Sugar Cane Output/Input Energy ~ 8.2* Ethanol production in 2006: 16 billion liters *Goldenberg, J.L.C Renewable Energies, Island Press, 1993

Ethanol Plants 313 Ethanol Plants 1 million employees 60,000 agric. producers 5 million ha (0.6 % of Br. area) 89 New plants are being contructed

Source: Brazilian Agricultural Ministry Physical Productivity

Sugar Cane Energy 1 mton of Sugar Cane: kcal ~ 1.2 barrel of petroleum Sugar cane bagasse is producing ~ 2,500 MW Breakthrough: ethanol from bagasse and other residual biomass

Ethanol/Biodiesel Integration Barralcool (Mato Grosso State) Produces: 100,000 mt/year of Ethanol 50,000 mt/year of Biodiesel

Biodiesel Program  B2 mandatory at Jan/2008 (850,000 ton/year)  B5 mandatory at Jan/2010 (2013, originaly) Now:  10 biodiesel plants working (500,000 ton/year)  2,000 gas stations providing B2  Some transportation companies using B30  Projects: More than 100 new biodiesel plants LOW FEDERAL TAXES FOR SOCIAL PROJECTS AND POOR REGIONS

Soybean,Tallow,Cotton Palm Castor Sunflower Jatropha Jatropha Canola Babassu Peanut

Soybean Biodiesel (Output/input energy ~ 3)* * NREL (USA)

Jatropha curcas Biodiesel Output/Input Energy ~ 5- 6* *Ref: Ouedraogo, 1991

Palm Oil Biodiesel

Output/Input Energy ~ 8* *Ref: Lor, E.E.S. et al, World Bioenergy

1 st Biodiesel Plant – Heterogeneous Catalyst/Residual Feedstock (Crude Palm Fatty Acids) Patent:D. A. G. Aranda et al; PI , D. A. G. Aranda et al, WO , 2004.

Operating Costs in a Conventional Transesterification Biodiesel Plant SizeTon/year10,00020,00050,000100,000 Chemicals¢/L5544 Energy¢/L Oper.Costs¢/L In a 100,000 t/year, it means US$ 5.3 Million/year !! Chemicals: US$ 4.5 Million/year Highly Acid Feedstocks: Loss in Refining

Operating Costs: Hydroesterification vs Transesterification (50,000 mton/year) TransesterificationHydrolysis + Esterification Chemicals (¢/L)41 Energy (¢/L)12 Oper.Costs (¢/L)53 If biodiesel plant is integrated with an ethanol plant, operating costs will be less than 2 ¢/L. No acidity limits in the feedstocks

CONCLUSIONS  Brazil is open to share experiences in biofuels and offers good opportunity for international colaborations and investments in this field.  Both ethanol and biodiesel production will significantly increase in the next years. There’s agricultural land to support this increasing.  Integration between ethanol and biodiesel plants is strongly competitive.  Biodiesel process is being adapted to tropical feedstcoks (larger acidity) with higher yields and lower operating costs.

Tack Själv ! “ Vi vet att Gud på alla sätt hjälper dem som älskar honom att nå det goda. Det är hans syfte med våra liv.” (Rm 8,28)

Biodiesel plant 100,000 t/year, oil costs: US$ 250/t and Biodiesel sold at US$ 0.60/L (No incentive scenario) Gross Margin: 30.8% Gross Margin: 24.1 % Gross Margin: 33.3 % a) Regular Transesterification b) Hydroesterification c) Hydroesterification integrated with Ethanol plant