A HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES “Jerusalem is the navel (center) of the world… It looks and hopes for freedom; it begs unceasingly that you will come to its aid.” Pope Urban II (1095)

The 1 st Crusade (1096 – 1099) Pope Urban II wants to capture the Holy Land from the infidels, or non- Christians He also wanted to reunite both the eastern and the western parts of Europe and stop fighting in Europe. The Christians capture Jerusalem (1099) and set up a Christian kingdom.

The 2 nd Crusade ( ) The Christians gained land that was 500 miles long and 50 miles wide but they couldn’t control it. The great Muslim leader Saladin set fire to the Christian camp and defeated the Christians at the Battle of Hattin. Saladin captured Jerusalem and spared the lives of the Christians.

The 3 rd Crusade (1187 – 1192) Three great European kings, Emperor Fredrick I (Germany), King Richard (England) and King Philip (France) lead armies to recapture Jerusalem. Fredrick I drowned, Philip returned to France leaving Richard to fight Saladin. Richard and Saladin fought several battles and this crusade ended with a treaty with the Christians controlling part of the middle east but not Jerusalem.

The 4 th Crusade ( ) Called for by Pope Innocent III. The Venetians in Venice wanted a new Emperor in Constantinople for more trade. The Crusaders attacked Constantinople instead of Jerusalem. Catholic Christians attacked Eastern Orthodox Christians. Constantinople was burned and looted.

Effect of the first four Crusades Trade expanded and cultural diffusion. East and West gained valuable Military technology. Poetry and Music grew as Europeans encountered Arabic poems and music. The Church spread Christianity Europe’s national governments grew stronger. The crusades made more European aware of the outside world