Scandals in the Church Feudalism brings with it some problems Lay investiture Simony Nepotism Morals amongst the clergy

puppies

Reforms from the Church The Monastery at Cluny –Free from Feudalistic system Gregory the VII –Insists on: Celibacy Banishing lay investiture Ending simony –Dictates

Eastern Schism 1054 Mainly theological controversy b/w Eastern Church (Constantinople) and West Church (Rome) In the east, problems with Islam –Those who were Christians in East…largely held heretical views (like Nestorianism/Arianism)

Schism cont’d Causes: many, both theological and cultural –Language –Theologically: East was more speculative, West more practical –filioque –East, allowed married clergy, West practiced celibacy

4 Specific Causes 1.Pope Leo the Great’s condemnation of canon 28 of the Council of Chalcedon –Canon 28: The bishop of New Rome shall enjoy the same honour as the bishop of Old Rome, on account of the removal of the Empire. For this reason the [metropolitans] of Pontus, of Asia, and of Thrace, as well as the Barbarian bishops shall be ordained by the bishop of Constantinople.

2. Byzantine’s Emperor Leo III promotion of Iconoclasm (which was condemned at Nicaea II) -likened veneration of images to idolatry…this was “shot down” by the Church

3. The Photian Schism -condemns Western Theology and Practice -condemns the West’s addition of filioque to the Nicene Creed East: from the Father through the Son West: from the Father and the Son

Definitive Split 4. Popes assert authority over whole Church Michael Cerularius (patriarch of Constantinople) –Anti-Latin Sentiments –He closes all Latin Churches in the East and excommunicates all priests who say Mass in Latin –Does not like: Western practice of celibacy, the use of unleavened bread, filioque, clean-shaven clergy, date of Easter

Schism cont’d There is a mutual excommunication of the West (by Michael Cerularius) and the East (papal legates)

Gregory VII cont’d Insists on the primacy of the Church over the State.

Feast

The High Middle Ages This time period known as Christendom –An absolute reign of Christ –A period where Western (European) culture/civilization and Catholicism were synonymous –In this time period: Crusades, Rise of Mendicant Orders, the Univesity System (height of Intellectual Catholicism)

The Crusades Causes: –called for by many popes to free the Holy Land, esp. Jerusalem, from Seljuk Turks (Muslims) –Defense of the faith Ex: against the heresies like Albigensianism Those who volunteered for the Crusades were promised things like a plenary indulgence 8 Crusades

The First Crusade Pope Urban II in 1095 Captured Nicaea (1097), Antioch (1098) and Jerusalem (1099) Main goal: capture Jerusalem –It was a military success

2nd Crusade Led by King Louis VII and Emperor Conrad III Effort to take Edesa –was a disaster Louis’ forces go to Damascus, forced to withdraw Conrad’s forces destroyed by the Turks

Third Crusade Response to the fallen kingdom of Jerusalem, which had been conquered by Saladin Leaders: Richard the Lionheart of England, Philip II of France, German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa

Pope Innocent III Leading a cause for another Crusade while 3rd Crusade is still going on –Intention: to address Muslim influence in Holy Land Crusaders were offered money to overthrow Constantinople by opponents to the Byzantine Empire Latin Empire of Constantinople was founded in 1204 –Latin Rite (Mass) forced on Byzantine Population

cont’d Innocent III sees that Catholic princes more involved in their own power than winning over non-believer to the faith. Catholics see that Muslims are committed to their faith and have military strength

Results of the Crusades Mixed results: Violence of Crusades was often misdirected Positive: –helped bolster economies, promote growth of cities