Middle East in Independence Chapter 33

Ottoman Empire Turkish control of Arabs in Middle East is the source of nationalist movements

Ottoman Empire WWI = dismantling of Ottoman Empire –Modern, secular Turkey is created in 1923 –Since 1923, Turkey has become: Most secular Most diverse economy Most moderate and stable democracy –…country in Muslim world as evidenced by… Membership in NATO Application to join EU

Ottoman Empire WWI = dismantling of Ottoman Empire –Modern, secular Turkey is created in 1923 –Arab portions of empire are colonized by Europeans (mandates)

Palestine / Israel Conflict over rightful ownership of land –Complicated by religion: Judaism? Christianity? Islam?

Palestine / Israel Historical Context –Israeli Kingdom during early classical to Roman expansion –Diaspora of Jews during Roman rule –Fall of Rome & Byzantine decline = Arab expansion & control until 1948 (except for Crusaders )

Palestine / Israel Holy land –Inhabited by Arabs during late 1800s –At same time, anti- Semitism grows in Europe Zionism = movement calling for creation of Jewish homeland in holy land currently inhabited by Arabs

Palestine / Israel WWI –British try to be all things to all people –Make promises they can’t keep resulting in tension –Competing promises creates tension among all three groups Arabs Promised independence if help defeat Muslim, although Turkish, rulers Jewish Promised a homeland in holy land

Ottoman Empire WWI = dismantling of Ottoman Empire –Modern, secular Turkey is created in 1923 –Arab portions of empire are colonized by Europeans (mandates)

Palestine / Israel WWII –Holocaust re-energizes Zionism –Israel – a Jewish state is created

Palestine / Israel Today –Israel Developed (democratic, compulsory military service, economically diverse & wealthy) Jewish homeland Western supported –Palestinians Undeveloped Arab refugees Pan-Arab support

Egypt

Historical Context –Controlled by Ottomans during expansion in 1500s –Napoleon’s interlude & defeat led to Muhammad Ali, Khedives, & Western influence in mid-1800s –Britain quasi-colonizes Egypt after Orabi revolt in 1882

Egypt Late 1800s : Double occupation by Ottomans & British –Benefits wealthy at the expense of poor –Small, active middle class & journalist start nationalism 1906 : Dinshawai Incident –Motivated masses of Egyptians to join nationalist movements : WWI –Martial law represses Arabs, war efforts strips Egypt of resources

Transition 1919 : End of WWI & Treaty of Versailles –Wartime experience led to calls for self- determination, when not granted – revolt 1922 : British begin withdrawal 1936 : Independence, but Khedives & corrupt leadership of elites

Transition Revolutionary forces mount as wealthy continue to benefit at expense of poor –Free Officers Movement / Nasser – idealistic military officers seeking reform for masses –Muslim Brotherhood / al-Banna – student movement seeking Islamic revivalism, medical clinics, women’s education, land reform

Independence: Military Dictatorship 1952 : Revolution toppling Khedive, Free Officers & Nasser rise to power –Socialist efforts at land reform, education, planned economic growth –Diplomacy focused on Pan-Arabism, end of Israeli & Western influence

Independence: Military Dictatorship Development fails due to corruption, landlord persistence, miscalculations, population growth, lack of capital –Succeeded by Sadat & Mubarak who drastically changed course

Iran

Islamic Fundamentalism Often used interchangeably with the Islamist movement What it is… –Emphasis on tradition & strict interpretation of Qur’an –Political idea replacing secular laws with Islamic law –Belief that the Islamic world today is in decay –Also, often – strong belief in Islamic nationalism.

Islamic Fundamentalism Causes… –Period of decline that followed a phase in Islamic history of exemplary growth & innovation –Feeling of uncontrolled Westernization & Neo- Colonialism

Theocratic Isolation: Iran : Lack of formal colonization leaves Iran w/ few advantages : Pahlavi Shahs – attempted modernization through oil wealth –Pro-Western reforms alienated masses –Drop in oil price sparks revolution

Theocratic Isolation: Iran 1979: Ayatollah Khomeini established a revivalist theocratic state reminiscent of Mahdi –Stressed purification, traditions, & politics of Islam –Removed godless Western influences –Restricted freedoms of women : Success of revivalist development is clouded by Iran-Iraq War –Decimated humanitarianly & economically