1. How was the Nazi police State organised? 2. How effective was the Nazi police state in establishing conformity How much opposition was there to the Nazis

Hitler did not believe in ‘the rule of law’ in any recognisable way For Hitler a legitimacy (the right to rule) came from the fuhrerprincip and nowhere else Hitler expressed ‘the will of the people’ His word was literally law From the Enabling Act onwards Germans lost their legal rights (e.g. The right to a fair trail, equality before the law, right to free expression) In Hitler’s Germany people could be arrested, imprisoned, executed without charge or trial

For the Nazis crime was defined by reference to Nazi ideology. Those outside the ‘Peoples Community’ were by definition criminals RACIALLY – non Aryans – Slavs, Jews, black people, gypsies IDELOGICALLY – Marxists, socialists, liberals – placed into camps for ‘re-education’ MORALLY – criminals, homosexuals, alcoholics, mentally ill, dug abusers – seen as a threat to racial purity

 The Peoples Court  The SS  The Concentration Camps  The SD  The Gestapo  Informers and block leaders

The Nazis kept, but nazified, the existing criminal courts and added a new Peoples Court for political offences Headed by Roland Freisler, there were no juries or defendants in the people’s court, just charges, abuse, humiliation and sentencing Between communists and socialists were processed by the People’s Court – the usual sentence was execution by axe

The following Police organisations existed in 1933: The SS – controlled by Himmler The SD – an intelligence gathering wing of the SS The SA – inititially controlled by Rohm – SA maintained police powers throughout The Gestapo (secret state police) – headed by Goring Gradually the SS took more and more controlled. In 1936 Himmler given control of SS, SD and Gestapo and by 1939 Himmler and the SS controlled all state police organisations

Role 1. Personal bodyguard for Hitler 2. Controlled state police organisation in 3 rd Reich 3. Camps – SS controlled the concentration camps 4. Ideology – SS seen as ideological role model for Germans – racially pure and unquestioningly obedient 5. Military – Waffen SS (armed) had its own army divisions 6. Government – SS charged with administering occupied and conquered territories 7. Economic – SS ran a number of business enterprises based on the slave labour of concentration camp inmates

The original concentration camps were prison camps not extermination camps (these came after 1942) A network of camps emerged including; Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald, Mauthausen, Ravensbruck (women only) The original purpose was for political prisoners to be re educated. By 1936 political opposition had been largely crushed and the camps started to be used for ‘undesirables’, asocials, homosexuals, gypsies, non Aryans with a view to ‘purifying the race’ This change in purpose saw a marked increase in brutality and murders in the camps

The SD was the internal security service in Nazi Germany led by Reinhardt Heydrich Its role was to investigate claims that the Nazi party itself or its institutions had been infiltrated by enemies The SD also spent a great deal of time monitoring public opinion and investigating who had voted ‘no’ in the plebiscites The SD was manned by committed volunteers

German people were terrified by the Gestapo believing them to be everywhere – workplace, pub, club, residential block etc. The reality was rather different – only 20,000 officers for whole of Germany The Gestapo however had a deserved reputation for brutality They relied on informers for information – party members were encouraged to spy on their neighbours Hitler Youth were encouraged to squeal on their parents. Every residential block had a ‘Block leader’ who reported suspicious activity to the Gestapo In some ways the German people could be seen as practising ‘self surveillance’