© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life

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Introduction  Lemurs are primates that –are known for their distinctive tails, dark eye patches, and muzzles, –live in Madagascar, and –have ancestors who floated to Madagascar about 60 million years ago and diversified in a world –relatively free of predators and competitors and –with many different habitats. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.0_1 Chapter 1: Big Ideas Themes in the Study of Biology The Process of Science Biology and Everyday Life Evolution, the Core Theme of Biology

THEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

THEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.1 All forms of life share common properties 1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level 1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life 1.4 Living organisms interact with their environment, exchanging matter and energy

1.1 All forms of life share common properties  Biology is the scientific study of life.  Properties of life include 1.Order—the highly ordered structure that typifies life, 2.Reproduction—the ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind, 3.Growth and development—consistent growth and development controlled by inherited DNA, 4.Energy processing—the use of chemical energy to power an organism’s activities and chemical reactions, © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.1 All forms of life share common properties 5.Response to the environment—an ability to respond to environmental stimuli, 6.Regulation—an ability to control an organism’s internal environment within limits that sustain life, and 7.Evolutionary adaptation—adaptations evolve over many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 1.1 (1) Order (2) Reproduction (3) Growth and development (4) Energy processing (7) Evolutionary adaptation (6) Regulation (5) Response to the environment

Figure 1.1_1 Order—the highly ordered structure that typifies life

Figure 1.1_2 Reproduction—the ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind

Figure 1.1_3 Growth and development— consistent growth and development controlled by inherited DNA

Figure 1.1_4 Energy processing— the use of chemical energy to power an organism’s activities and chemical reactions

Figure 1.1_5 Response to the environment—an ability to respond to environmental stimuli

Figure 1.1_6 Regulation—an ability to control an organism’s internal environment within limits that sustain life

Figure 1.1_7 Evolutionary adaptation—adaptations evolve over many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring

1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level  Biological organization unfolds as follows: –Biosphere—all of the environments on Earth that support life, –Ecosystem—all the organisms living in a particular area and the physical components with which the organisms interact, –Community—the entire array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem, –Population—all the individuals of a species living in a specific area, © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level –Organism—an individual living thing, –Organ system—several organs that cooperate in a specific function, –Organ—a structure that is composed of tissues and that provides a specific function for the organism, –Tissues—a group of similar cells that perform a specific function, –Cells—the fundamental unit of life, © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level –Organelle—a membrane-bound structure that performs a specific function in a cell, and –Molecule—a cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.2 Biosphere Madagascar Ecosystem: Forest in Madagascar Community: All organisms in the forest Population: Group of ring-tailed lemurs Organism: Ring-tailed lemur Organ system: Nervous system Organ: Brain Tissue: Nervous tissue Nerve Spinal cord Brain Organelle: Nucleus Cell: Nerve cell Nucleus Atom Molecule: DNA

Figure 1.2_1 Biosphere Madagascar Ecosystem: Forest in Madagascar Community: All organisms in the forest Population: Group of ring-tailed lemurs Organism: Ring-tailed lemur

Figure 1.2_2 Organism: Ring-tailed lemur Organ system: Nervous system Organ: Brain Tissue: Nervous tissue Nerve Spinal cord Brain Organelle: Nucleus Cell: Nerve cell Nucleus Atom Molecule: DNA

1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level  Emergent properties are –new properties that arise in each step upward in the hierarchy of life, –from the arrangement and interactions among component parts. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life  Cells are the level at which the properties of life emerge.  A cell can –regulate its internal environment, –take in and use energy, –respond to its environment, –develop and maintain its complex organization, and –give rise to new cells. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life  All cells –are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings and –use DNA as their genetic information. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life  There are two basic types of cells. 1.Prokaryotic cells –were the first to evolve, –are simpler, and –are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells. 2.Eukaryotic cells –contain membrane-enclosed organelles, including a nucleus containing DNA, and –are found in plants, animals, and fungi. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.3 Eukaryotic cell Membrane Prokaryotic cell DNA (no nucleus) Organelles Nucleus (membrane- enclosed) DNA (throughout nucleus)

1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life  Cells illustrate another theme in biology: the correlation of structure and function.  Structure is related to function at all levels of biological organization. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.4 Living organisms interact with their environment, exchanging matter and energy  Living organisms interact with their environments, which include –other organisms and –physical factors.  In most ecosystems –plants are the producers that provide the food, –consumers eat plants and other animals, and –decomposers act as recyclers, changing complex matter into simpler mineral nutrients. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.4 Living organisms interact with their environment, exchanging matter and energy  The dynamics of ecosystems include two major processes: 1.The recycling of chemical nutrients from the atmosphere and soil through producers, consumers, and decomposers back to the environment. 2.The one-way flow of energy through an ecosystem, entering as sunlight, converted to chemical energy by producers, passed on to consumers, and exiting as heat. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 1.4 Ecosystem Sunlight CO 2 Heat Chemical energy (food) Producers (such as plants) Water and minerals taken up by tree roots Cycling of chemical nutrients Decomposers (in soil) Consumers (such as animals) CO 2 O2O2 O2O2

Figure 1.4_1 Ecosystem Sunlight Producers (such as plants) Consumers (such as animals) Heat O2O2 O2O2 CO 2 Chemical energy (food) CO 2 Water and minerals taken up by tree roots Cycling of chemical nutrients Decomposers (in soil)

EVOLUTION, THE CORE THEME OF BIOLOGY © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code  All cells have DNA, the chemical substance of genes.  Genes –are the unit of inheritance that transmits information from parents to offspring, –are grouped into very long DNA molecules called chromosomes, and –control the activities of a cell. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code  A species’ genes are coded in the sequences of the four building blocks making up DNA’s double helix. –All forms of life use essentially the same code to translate the information stored in DNA into proteins. –The diversity of life arises from differences in DNA sequences. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.5 A T T C C G G C T A A T G C A GC G C A T

1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains  Diversity is the hallmark of life. –Biologists have identified about 1.8 million species. –Estimates of the actual number of species ranges from 10 to 100 million.  Taxonomy names species and classifies them into a system of broader groups. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains  The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains. 1.Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes. 2.Archaea are prokaryotes that often live in Earth’s extreme environments. 3.Eukarya have eukaryotic cells and include –single-celled protists and –multicellular fungi, animals, and plants. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.6 Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Bacteria Archaea Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae

Figure 1.6_1 Domain Bacteria Bacteria These single-celled organisms are found almost everywhere in the world. Bacteria are small and do not have a nuclei or organelles. They can be shaped like a rod, sphere or spiral. Most bacteria are harmless, but some can cause diseases.

Figure 1.6_2 Domain Archaea Archaea These single-celled organisms often live in Earth’s extremely hostile environments. Like bacteria they are prokaryotes, but they have some genes in common with Eukarya. Scientists think the Archaea living today most closely resemble the earliest forms of life on earth. Archaea does not cause diseases.

Figure 1.6_3 Domain Eukarya Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Fungi Eukarya This diverse group of life forms is much more complex than Bacteria and Archaea. They can have one or more cells with nuclei. Eukarya is divided into four kingdoms

Figure 1.6_4 Protists (multiple kingdoms) Once considered a single kingdom, this group is a mixture of unicellular and multicellular protozoans and algaeof great diversity.

Figure 1.6_5 Kingdom Plantae Include about 300,000 species. Plants are multi-cellular and can make their own food using photosynthesis

Figure 1.6_6 Kingdom Fungi Has about 100,000 species. Yeasts, molds and mushrooms are fungi. Fungi cannot make their own food. They depend on organic matter absorbed from the external environment

Figure 1.6_7 Kingdom Animalia Has about a million species. Most animals are multi-cellular and made up of organ systems. Animals cannot make their own food.

1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life  The history of life, as documented by fossils, is a saga of a changing Earth –billions of years old and –inhabited by an evolving cast of life forms.  Evolution accounts for life’s dual nature of –kinship (unity) and –diversity. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.7A Fossils document history of life on Earth

Figure 1.7B In 1859, Charles Darwin published the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,

1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life  The book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection articulated two main points. 1. A large amount of evidence supports the idea of evolution, that species living today are descendants of ancestral species in what Darwin called “descent with modification.” 2. Natural selection is a mechanism for evolution. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life  Natural selection was inferred by connecting two observations. 1.Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which are passed on from parents to offspring. 2.A population can produce far more offspring than the environment can support. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.7C Elimination of individuals with certain traits Reproduction of survivors Population with varied inherited traits 1 3 2

1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life  From these observations, Darwin inferred that –those individuals with heritable traits best suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than less well-suited individuals, –as a result of this unequal reproductive success over many generations, an increasing proportion of individuals will have the advantageous traits, and –the result will be evolutionary adaptation, the accumulation of favorable traits in a population over time. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.7D Ground pangolin Killer whale

Figure 1.7D_1 Ground pangolin

Figure 1.7D_2 Killer whale

“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution” Theodosius Dobzhansky Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.8 Scientific inquiry is used to ask and answer questions about nature  The word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning “to know.” Science is a way of knowing.  Scientists –use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions from many observations (descriptive science) –deductive reasoning to come up with ways to test a hypothesis, a proposed explanation for a set of observations. The logic flows from general premises to the specific results we should expect if the premises are true. (hypothesis-based science) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.8 Scientific inquiry is used to ask and answer questions about nature  How is a theory different from a hypothesis? A scientific theory is –much broader in scope than a hypothesis, –usually general enough to generate many new, specific hypotheses, which can then be tested, and –supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.8 Alison Jolly with her research subjects, ring-tailed lemurs

1.9 Scientists form and test hypotheses and share their results  We solve everyday problems by using hypotheses. –A common example would be the reasoning we use to answer the question, “Why doesn’t a flashlight work?” –Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem is either (1) the bulb or (2) the batteries. –Further, a hypothesis must be –testable and –falsifiable. –In this example, two hypotheses are tested. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.9A_s1 Observation Question Hypothesis  1: Dead batteries Hypothesis  2: Burned-out bulb

Figure 1.9A_s2 Observation Question Hypothesis  1: Dead batteries Hypothesis  2: Burned-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem. Replacing bulb will fix problem. Experiment: Test prediction by replacing batteries. Test prediction by replacing bulb.

Figure 1.9A_s3 Test falsifies hypothesis. Revise hypothesis or pose new one. Observation Question Hypothesis  1: Dead batteries Hypothesis  2: Burned-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem. Replacing bulb will fix problem. Experiment: Test prediction by replacing batteries. Test prediction by replacing bulb. Test does not falsify hypothesis. Make additional predictions and test them.

1.9 Scientists form and test hypotheses and share their results  An actual research project demonstrates the process of science.  Scientists began with a set of observations and generalizations that –poisonous animals are brightly colored and –imposters resemble poisonous species but are actually harmless.  They then tested the hypothesis that mimics benefit because predators confuse them with the harmful species. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.9 Scientists form and test hypotheses and share their results  The scientists conducted a controlled experiment, comparing –an experimental group consisting of artificial king snakes and –a control group consisting of artificial brown snakes. –The groups differed only by one factor, the coloration of the artificial snakes. –The data fit the key prediction of the mimicry hypothesis. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.9B Eastern coral snake (venomous) Scarlet king snake (non venomous)

Figure 1.9D

Figure 1.9E Coral snakes present Artificial king snakes Artificial brown snakes 84% Coral snakes absent 17% 16% Percent of total attacks on artificial snakes 83%

BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.10 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and society are connected in important ways  Many issues facing society are related to biology. Most involve our expanding technology.  The basic goals of science and technology differ. –The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena. –The goal of technology is to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.10 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and society are connected in important ways  Although their goals differ, science and technology are interdependent. –Technological advances stem from scientific research. –Research benefits from new technologies. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

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1.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is connected to our everyday lives  Evolution is a core theme of biology.  Evolutionary theory is useful in –medicine, –agriculture, –forensics, and –conservation. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is connected to our everyday lives  The environment is a powerful selective force that drives evolution  Human-caused environmental changes are powerful selective forces that affect the evolution of many species, including –antibiotic-resistant bacteria, –pesticide-resistant pests, –endangered species, and –increasing rates of extinction. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.